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Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into ajf/view-of-range
* origin/master: (833 commits) Improve typesubtract for tuples (#35600) Make searchsorted*/findnext/findprev return values of keytype (#32978) fix buggy rand(RandomDevice(), Bool) (#35590) remove `Ref` allocation on task switch (#35606) Revert "partr: fix multiqueue resorting stability" (#35589) exclude types with free variables from `type_morespecific` (#35555) fix small typo in NEWS.md (#35611) enable inline allocation of structs with pointers (#34126) SparseArrays: Speed up right-division by diagonal matrices (#35533) Allow hashing 1D OffsetArrays NEWS item for introspection macros (#35594) Special case empty covec-diagonal-vec product (#35557) [GCChecker] fix a few tests by looking through casts Use norm instead of abs in generic lu factorization (#34575) [GCChecker,NFC] run clang-format -style=llvm [GCChecker] fix tests and add Makefile Add introspection macros support for dot syntax (#35522) Specialize `union` for `OneTo` (#35577) add pop!(vector, idx, [default]) (#35513) bump Pkg version (#35584) ...
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‎.devcontainer/Dockerfile‎

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FROM julia:latest
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RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y build-essential libatomic1 python gfortran perl wget m4 cmake pkg-config git

‎.devcontainer/devcontainer.json‎

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{
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"extensions": [
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"julialang.language-julia",
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"ms-vscode.cpptools"
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],
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"dockerFile": "Dockerfile"
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}

‎.gitignore‎

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*.dwo
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*.do
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.idea/*

‎CONTRIBUTING.md‎

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## Learning Julia
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[The learning page](https://julialang.org/learning) has a great list of resources for new and experienced users alike. [This tutorial video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWkgEddb4-A) is one recommended starting point, as is the "[Invitation to Julia](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQ1y5NUD_RI)" workshop video from JuliaCon 2015 ([slide materials here](https://github.com/dpsanders/invitation_to_julia)). The [Julia documentation](https://docs.julialang.org/en/latest) covers the language and core library features, and is searchable.
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[The learning page](https://julialang.org/learning) has a great list of resources for new and experienced users alike. [This tutorial video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWkgEddb4-A) is one recommended starting point, as is the "[Invitation to Julia](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQ1y5NUD_RI)" workshop video from JuliaCon 2015 ([slide materials here](https://github.com/dpsanders/invitation_to_julia)). The [Julia documentation](https://docs.julialang.org) covers the language and core library features, and is searchable.
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## Before filing an issue
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- Try some simple debugging techniques to help isolate the problem.
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- Try running the code with the debug build of Julia with `make debug`, which produces the `usr/bin/julia-debug`.
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- Consider running `julia-debug` with a debugger such as `gdb` or `lldb`. Obtaining even a simple [backtrace](http://www.unknownroad.com/rtfm/gdbtut/gdbsegfault.html) is very useful.
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- If Julia segfaults, try following [these debugging tips](https://docs.julialang.org/en/latest/devdocs/backtraces#Reporting-and-analyzing-crashes-(segfaults)-1) to help track down the specific origin of the bug.
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- If Julia segfaults, try following [these debugging tips](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/devdocs/backtraces/) to help track down the specific origin of the bug.
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2. If the problem is caused by a Julia package rather than core Julia, file a bug report with the relevant package author rather than here.
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## Submitting contributions
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### Contributing a Julia package
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Julia has a built-in [package manager](https://julialang.github.io/Pkg.jl/v1/) based on `git`. A number of [packages](https://pkg.julialang.org) across many domains are already available for Julia. Developers are encouraged to provide their libraries as a Julia package. The manual provides instructions on [creating Julia packages](https://julialang.github.io/Pkg.jl/v1/creating-packages/).
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For developers who need to wrap C libraries so that they can be called from Julia, the [Clang.jl](https://github.com/ihnorton/Clang.jl) package can help generate the wrappers automatically from the C header files.
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### Package Compatibility Across Releases
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Sometimes, you might find that while your package works
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on the current release, it might not work on the upcoming release or nightly.
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This is due to the fact that some Julia functions (after some discussion)
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could be deprecated or removed altogether. This may cause your package to break or
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throw a number of deprecation warnings on usage. Therefore it is highly recommended
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to port your package to latest Julia release.
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However, porting a package to the latest release may cause the package to break on
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earlier Julia releases. To maintain compatibility across releases, use
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[`Compat.jl`](https://github.com/JuliaLang/Compat.jl). Find the fix for your package
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from the README, and specify the minimum version of Compat that provides the fix
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in your REQUIRE file. To find the correct minimum version, refer to
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[this guide](https://github.com/JuliaLang/Compat.jl/#tagging-the-correct-minimum-version-of-compat).
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### Writing tests
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There are never enough tests. Track [code coverage at Coveralls](https://coveralls.io/r/JuliaLang/julia), and help improve it.
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2. Browse through the source files and find some untested functionality (highlighted in red) that you think you might be able to write a test for.
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3. Write a test that exercises this functionality---you can add your test to one of the existing files, or start a new one, whichever seems most appropriate to you. If you're adding a new test file, make sure you include it in the list of tests in `test/choosetests.jl`. https://docs.julialang.org/en/latest/stdlib/Test/ may be helpful in explaining how the testing infrastructure works.
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3. Write a test that exercises this functionality---you can add your test to one of the existing files, or start a new one, whichever seems most appropriate to you. If you're adding a new test file, make sure you include it in the list of tests in `test/choosetests.jl`. https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/Test/ may be helpful in explaining how the testing infrastructure works.
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4. Run `make test-all` to rebuild Julia and run your new test(s). If you had to fix a bug or add functionality in `base`, this will ensure that your test passes and that you have not introduced extraneous whitespace.
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‎HISTORY.md‎

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Julia v1.4 Release Notes
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========================
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New language features
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---------------------
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* Structs with all isbits and isbitsunion fields are now stored inline in arrays ([#32448]).
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* `import` now allows quoted symbols, e.g. `import Base.:+` ([#33158]).
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* `a[begin]` can now be used to address the first element of an integer-indexed collection `a`.
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The index is computed by `firstindex(a)` ([#33946]).
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Language changes
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----------------
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* The syntax `(;)`, which used to parse as an empty block expression, is deprecated.
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In the future it will indicate an empty named tuple ([#30115]).
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Multi-threading changes
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-----------------------
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* Values can now be interpolated into `@async` and `@spawn` via `$`, which copies the value directly into the constructed
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underlying closure ([#33119]).
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Build system changes
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--------------------
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* Windows build installer has switched to Inno Setup. Installer command line parameters have thus changed. For example, to extract the installer to a specific directory, the command line parameter is now `/DIR=x:\dirname`. Use `julia-installer.exe /?` to list all new command line parameters.
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---------------------
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* The new `only(x)` function returns the one-and-only element of a collection `x`, and throws an `ArgumentError` if `x` contains zero or multiple elements ([#33129]).
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* `takewhile` and `dropwhile` have been added to the Iterators submodule ([#33437]).
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* `accumulate` has been added to the Iterators submodule ([#34033]).
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* There is a now an `evalpoly` function meant to take the role of the `@evalpoly` macro. The function is just as efficient as the macro while giving added flexibility, so it should be preferred over `@evalpoly`. `evalpoly` takes a list of coefficients as a tuple, so where one might write `@evalpoly(x, p1, p2, p3)` one would instead write `evalpoly(x, (p1, p2, p3))`.
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New library features
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--------------------
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* Function composition now supports multiple functions: `∘(f, g, h) = f ∘ g ∘ h`
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and splatting `∘(fs...)` for composing an iterable collection of functions ([#33568]).
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* Functions `gcd`, `lcm`, and `gcdx` now support `Rational` arguments ([#33910]).
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* The `splitpath` function now accepts any `AbstractString` whereas previously it only accepted paths of type `String` ([#33012]).
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* `filter` can now act on a `Tuple` ([#32968]).
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* The `tempname` function now takes an optional `parent::AbstractString` argument to give it a directory in which to attempt to produce a temporary path name ([#33090]).
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* The `tempname` function now takes a `cleanup::Bool` keyword argument defaulting to `true`, which causes the process to try to ensure that any file or directory at the path returned by `tempname` is deleted upon process exit ([#33090]).
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* The `readdir` function now takes a `join::Bool` keyword argument defaulting to `false`, which when set causes `readdir` to join its directory argument with each listed name ([#33113]).
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* `div` now accepts a rounding mode as the third argument, consistent with the corresponding argument to `rem`. Support for rounding division, by passing one of the RoundNearest modes to this function, was added. For future compatibility, library authors should now extend this function, rather than extending the two-argument `fld`/`cld`/`div` directly ([#33040]).
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* `methods` now accepts a module (or a list thereof) to filter methods defined in it ([#33403]).
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------------------------
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* Calling `show` or `repr` on an `undef`/`UndefInitializer()` array initializer now shows valid Julia code ([#33211]).
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* Calling `show` or `repr` on a 0-dimensional `AbstractArray` now shows valid code for creating an equivalent 0-dimensional array, instead of only showing the contained value ([#33206]).
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* `readdir` output is now guaranteed to be sorted. The `sort` keyword allows opting out of sorting to get names in OS-native order ([#33542]).
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* The methods of `mktemp` and `mktempdir` that take a function to pass temporary paths to no longer throw errors if the path is already deleted when the function returns ([#33091]).
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* Verbose `display` of `Char` (`text/plain` output) now shows the codepoint value in standard-conforming `"U+XXXX"` format ([#33291]).
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* `Iterators.partition` now uses views (or smartly re-computed ranges) for partitions of all `AbstractArray`s ([#33533]).
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* Sets are now displayed less compactly in the REPL, as a column of elements, like vectors
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and dictionaries ([#33300]).
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* `delete!` on `WeakKeyDict`s now returns the `WeakKeyDict` itself instead of the underlying `Dict` used for implementation
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#### LinearAlgebra
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* `qr` and `qr!` functions support `blocksize` keyword argument ([#33053]).
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* `dot` now admits a 3-argument method `dot(x, A, y)` to compute generalized dot products `dot(x, A*y)`, but without computing and storing the intermediate result `A*y` ([#32739]).
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* `ldlt` and non-pivoted `lu` now throw a new `ZeroPivotException` type ([#33372]).
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* `cond(A, p)` with `p=1` or `p=Inf` now computes the exact condition number instead of an estimate ([#33547]).
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* `UniformScaling` objects may now be exponentiated such that `(a*I)^x = a^x * I`.
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#### Markdown
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* Tables now have the `align` attribute set when `show`n as HTML ([#33849]).
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#### Random
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* `AbstractRNG`s now behave like scalars when used in broadcasting ([#33213]).
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* The performance of `rand(::Tuple)` is improved in some cases ([#32208]). As a consequence, the
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#### REPL
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* The attributes of the implicit `IOContext` used by the REPL to display objects can be
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modified by the user (experimental feature) ([#29249]).
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#### SparseArrays
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* The return value of `zero(x::AbstractSparseArray)` has no stored zeros anymore ([#31835]).
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* Products involving sparse arrays now allow more general sparse `eltype`s, such as `StaticArrays` ([#33205])
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<!--- generated by NEWS-update.jl: -->
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[#29249]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/29249
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[#30115]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/30115
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[#31835]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/31835
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[#32208]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/32208
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[#32448]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/32448
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[#32739]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/32739
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[#32968]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/32968
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[#33012]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33012
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[#33040]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33040
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[#33053]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33053
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[#33090]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33090
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[#33091]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33091
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[#33113]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33113
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[#33119]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33119
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[#33129]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33129
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[#33158]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33158
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[#33205]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33205
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[#33206]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33206
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[#33211]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33211
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[#33213]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33213
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[#33291]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33291
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[#33300]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33300
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[#33372]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33372
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[#33403]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33403
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[#33437]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33437
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[#33533]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33533
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[#33542]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33542
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[#33547]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33547
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[#33568]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33568
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[#33849]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33849
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[#33910]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33910
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[#33946]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/33946
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[#34033]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/34033
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Julia v1.3 Release Notes
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* `Pkg` won't clobber pre-compilation files as often when switching environments ([#32651])
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* Added `Base.hasproperty` and `Base.hasfield` ([#28850]).
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* One argument `!=(x)`, `>(x)`, `>=(x)`, `<(x)`, `<=(x)` have been added, returning partially-applied
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* The new `map!(f, values(::AbstractDict))` method allows to modify in-place values of a dictionary ([#31223]).
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‎LICENSE.md‎

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- [MUSL](https://git.musl-libc.org/cgit/musl/tree/COPYRIGHT) (for getopt implementation on Windows) [MIT]
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- [MINGW](https://sourceforge.net/p/mingw/mingw-org-wsl/ci/legacy/tree/mingwrt/mingwex/dirname.c) (for dirname implementation on Windows) [MIT]
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- [NetBSD](https://www.netbsd.org/about/redistribution.html) (for setjmp, longjmp, and strptime implementations on Windows) [BSD-3]
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- [Python](https://docs.python.org/2/license.html) (for strtod and joinpath implementation on Windows) [BSD-3, effectively]
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- [Python](https://docs.python.org/3/license.html) (for strtod and joinpath implementation on Windows) [BSD-3, effectively]
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- [Google Benchmark](https://github.com/google/benchmark) (for cyclecount implementation) [Apache 2.0]
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The following components included in `stdlib` have their own separate licenses:
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- stdlib/SuiteSparse/cholmod.jl (see [SUITESPARSE](http://suitesparse.com))
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- [DSFMT](http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/SFMT/LICENSE.txt) [BSD-3]

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