BIO.txt

studies	O
on	O
magnesium\'s	O
mechanism	O
of	O
action	O
in	O
digitalis	B-plant
-induced	O
arrhythmias	B-disease
.	O

the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
magnesium	O
affects	O
digitalis	B-plant
-induced	O
arrhythmias	B-disease
was	O
studied	O
in	O
dogs	O
with	O
and	O
without	O
beta-receptor	O
blockade.	O

magnesium\'s	O
direct	O
effect	O
on	O
calcium	O
and	O
potassium	O
fluxes	O
across	O
the	O
myocardial	O
cell	O
membrane	O
may	O
be	O
the	O
mechanism	O
of	O
its	O
antiarrhythmic	O
action	O
in	O
digitalis	B-plant
-toxic	O
arrhythmias	B-disease
.	O

inhibitory	O
effect	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
on	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
established	O
skin	B-disease
papillomas	I-disease
in	O
mice.	O

in	O
10	O
separate	O
experiments,	O
mice	O
with	O
established	O
chemically	O
induced	O
or	O
uv	O
light-induced	O
skin	B-disease
papillomas	I-disease
were	O
treated	O
continuously	O
with	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
in	O
the	O
drinking	O
water	O
or	O
with	O
i.p.	O
injections	O
of	O
a	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
polyphenol	O
fraction	O
or	O
(-)-epigallocatechin	O
gallate	O
three	O
times	O
a	O
week	O
for	O
4-10	O
weeks.	O

in	O
10	O
separate	O
experiments,	O
mice	O
with	O
established	O
chemically	O
induced	O
or	O
uv	O
light-induced	O
skin	B-disease
papillomas	I-disease
were	O
treated	O
continuously	O
with	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
in	O
the	O
drinking	O
water	O
or	O
with	O
i.p.	O
injections	O
of	O
a	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
polyphenol	O
fraction	O
or	O
(-)-epigallocatechin	O
gallate	O
three	O
times	O
a	O
week	O
for	O
4-10	O
weeks.	O

examination	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
from	O
all	O
ten	O
experiments	O
revealed	O
that	O
complete	O
tumor	B-disease
regression	O
occurred	O
in	O
14	O
of	O
346	O
papilloma-bearing	O
mice	O
(4%)	O
that	O
were	O
treated	O
with	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
in	O
the	O
drinking	O
water	O
or	O
with	O
i.p.	O
injections	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
constituents,	O
whereas	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
220	O
papilloma-bearing	O
control	O
mice	O
treated	O
with	O
only	O
vehicle	O
exhibited	O
complete	O
tumor	B-disease
regression.	O

examination	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
from	O
all	O
ten	O
experiments	O
revealed	O
that	O
complete	O
tumor	B-disease
regression	O
occurred	O
in	O
14	O
of	O
346	O
papilloma-bearing	O
mice	O
(4%)	O
that	O
were	O
treated	O
with	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
in	O
the	O
drinking	O
water	O
or	O
with	O
i.p.	O
injections	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
constituents,	O
whereas	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
220	O
papilloma-bearing	O
control	O
mice	O
treated	O
with	O
only	O
vehicle	O
exhibited	O
complete	O
tumor	B-disease
regression.	O

examination	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
from	O
all	O
ten	O
experiments	O
revealed	O
that	O
complete	O
tumor	B-disease
regression	O
occurred	O
in	O
14	O
of	O
346	O
papilloma-bearing	O
mice	O
(4%)	O
that	O
were	O
treated	O
with	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
in	O
the	O
drinking	O
water	O
or	O
with	O
i.p.	O
injections	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
constituents,	O
whereas	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
220	O
papilloma-bearing	O
control	O
mice	O
treated	O
with	O
only	O
vehicle	O
exhibited	O
complete	O
tumor	B-disease
regression.	O

examination	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
from	O
all	O
ten	O
experiments	O
revealed	O
that	O
complete	O
tumor	B-disease
regression	O
occurred	O
in	O
14	O
of	O
346	O
papilloma-bearing	O
mice	O
(4%)	O
that	O
were	O
treated	O
with	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
in	O
the	O
drinking	O
water	O
or	O
with	O
i.p.	O
injections	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
constituents,	O
whereas	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
220	O
papilloma-bearing	O
control	O
mice	O
treated	O
with	O
only	O
vehicle	O
exhibited	O
complete	O
tumor	B-disease
regression.	O

these	O
observations	O
indicate	O
that	O
oral	O
administration	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
,	O
i.p.	O
administration	O
of	O
a	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
polyphenol	O
fraction,	O
or	O
i.p.	O
administration	O
of	O
(-)-epigallocatechin	O
gallate	O
inhibited	O
the	O
growth	O
and/or	O
caused	O
the	O
regression	O
of	O
established	O
experimentally	O
induced	O
skin	B-disease
papillomas	I-disease
.	O

these	O
observations	O
indicate	O
that	O
oral	O
administration	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
,	O
i.p.	O
administration	O
of	O
a	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
polyphenol	O
fraction,	O
or	O
i.p.	O
administration	O
of	O
(-)-epigallocatechin	O
gallate	O
inhibited	O
the	O
growth	O
and/or	O
caused	O
the	O
regression	O
of	O
established	O
experimentally	O
induced	O
skin	B-disease
papillomas	I-disease
.	O

the	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
is	O
a	O
self-reinforcing	O
behavior,	O
and	O
caffeine	O
dependence	O
and	O
addiction	B-disease
are	O
common.	O

initial	O
trials	O
showing	O
coffee	B-plant
\'s	O
association	O
with	O
coronary	B-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
myocardial	O
infarction	O
have	O
been	O
difficult	O
to	O
reproduce	O
and	O
have	O
many	O
confounding	O
variables.	O

initial	O
trials	O
showing	O
coffee	B-plant
\'s	O
association	O
with	O
coronary	O
disease	O
and	O
myocardial	B-disease
infarction	I-disease
have	O
been	O
difficult	O
to	O
reproduce	O
and	O
have	O
many	O
confounding	O
variables.	O

at	O
present	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
convincing	O
evidence	O
that	O
caffeine	O
or	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
for	O
any	O
solid	B-disease
tumor	I-disease
.	O

our	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
long-term	O
exposure	O
to	O
hemp	B-plant
dust	O
may	O
cause	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
chronic	O
respiratory	B-disease
symptoms	I-disease
and	O
impairment	O
of	O
ventilatory	O
capacity.	O
.	O

atrial	B-disease
tachyarrhythmias	I-disease
are	O
a	O
common	O
manifestation	O
of	O
digitalis	B-plant
toxicity.	O

halothane	O
is	O
known	O
to	O
oppose	O
digitalis	B-plant
-induced	O
ventricular	B-disease
arrhythmias	I-disease
.	O

its	O
effect	O
on	O
digitalis	B-plant
-caused	O
atrial	B-disease
arrhythmias	I-disease
is	O
unknown.	O

first,	O
increasing	O
ouabain	O
concentrations	O
would	O
enhance	O
automaticity	O
of	O
sap	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
sa	O
node	O
and	O
that	O
such	O
enhanced	O
automaticity	O
could	O
explain	O
digitalis	B-plant
-caused	O
atrial	B-disease
tachyarrhythmias	I-disease
.	O

second,	O
halothane	O
would	O
oppose	O
such	O
enhanced	O
automaticity	O
of	O
sap,	O
thereby	O
opposing	O
digitalis	B-plant
-caused	O
atrial	B-disease
tachyarrhythmias	I-disease
.	O

both	O
cases	O
proved	O
to	O
be	O
cotton	B-plant
-material-induced	O
granulomas	B-disease
.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
,	O
caffeine,	O
and	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
in	O
men.	O

background:	O
for	O
many	O
years,	O
an	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
coronary	B-disease
heart	I-disease
disease	I-disease
has	O
been	O
suspected.	O

although	O
based	O
on	O
small	O
numbers	O
of	O
end	O
points,	O
a	O
prospective	O
study	O
has	O
suggested	O
a	O
particularly	O
strong	O
association	O
between	O
recent	O
coffee	B-plant
drinking	O
and	O
the	O
incidence	O
of	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

methods:	O
we	O
examined	O
prospectively	O
the	O
relation	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
with	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
myocardial	B-disease
infarction	I-disease
,	O
need	O
for	O
coronary-artery	O
bypass	O
grafting	O
or	O
angioplasty,	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
stroke	O
in	O
a	O
cohort	O
of	O
45,589	O
u.s.	O
men	O
who	O
were	O
40	O
to	O
75	O
years	O
old	O
in	O
1986	O
and	O
who	O
had	O
no	O
history	O
of	O
cardiovascular	O
disease.	O

methods:	O
we	O
examined	O
prospectively	O
the	O
relation	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
with	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
myocardial	O
infarction,	O
need	O
for	O
coronary-artery	O
bypass	O
grafting	O
or	O
angioplasty,	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
stroke	B-disease
in	O
a	O
cohort	O
of	O
45,589	O
u.s.	O
men	O
who	O
were	O
40	O
to	O
75	O
years	O
old	O
in	O
1986	O
and	O
who	O
had	O
no	O
history	O
of	O
cardiovascular	O
disease.	O

methods:	O
we	O
examined	O
prospectively	O
the	O
relation	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
with	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
myocardial	O
infarction,	O
need	O
for	O
coronary-artery	O
bypass	O
grafting	O
or	O
angioplasty,	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
stroke	O
in	O
a	O
cohort	O
of	O
45,589	O
u.s.	O
men	O
who	O
were	O
40	O
to	O
75	O
years	O
old	O
in	O
1986	O
and	O
who	O
had	O
no	O
history	O
of	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

total	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
was	O
not	O
associated	O
with	O
an	O
increased	O
risk	O
of	O
coronary	O
heart	O
disease	O
or	O
stroke	B-disease
.	O

total	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
was	O
not	O
associated	O
with	O
an	O
increased	O
risk	O
of	O
coronary	B-disease
heart	I-disease
diseas	I-disease
e	O
or	O
stroke.	O

the	O
age-adjusted	O
relative	O
risk	O
for	O
all	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
among	O
participants	O
who	O
drank	O
four	O
or	O
more	O
cups	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
per	O
day	O
was	O
1.04	O
(95	O
percent	O
confidence	O
intervals,	O
0.74	O
to	O
1.46).	O

increasing	O
levels	O
of	O
consumption	O
of	O
caffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
were	O
not	O
associated	O
with	O
higher	O
risks	O
of	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

higher	O
consumption	O
of	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
however,	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
marginally	O
significant	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
coronary	B-disease
heart	I-disease
disease	I-disease
(relative	O
risk,	O
1.63;	O
95	O
percent	O
confidence	O
interval,	O
1.02	O
to	O
2.60).	O

conclusions:	O
these	O
findings	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
coffee	B-plant
or	O
caffeine	O
consumption	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
coronary	B-disease
heart	I-disease
disease	I-disease
or	O
stroke.	O

conclusions:	O
these	O
findings	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
coffee	B-plant
or	O
caffeine	O
consumption	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
coronary	O
heart	O
disease	O
or	O
stroke	B-disease
.	O

a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
habits	O
prevalent	O
in	O
the	O
country	O
are	O
primarily	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
occurrence	O
of	O
these	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

among	O
them,	O
bidi	O
smoking,	O
tobacco	B-plant
chewing,	O
and	O
cigarette	O
smoking,	O
in	O
that	O
order,	O
account	O
for	O
a	O
large	O
majority	O
of	O
these	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

the	O
government	O
of	O
india	O
has	O
accorded	O
a	O
high	O
priority	O
to	O
prevention	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
by	O
the	O
turn	O
of	O
the	O
century	O
in	O
its	O
national	O
cancer	O
control	O
programme.	O

intragastric	O
bile	O
acid	O
concentrations	O
in	O
healthy	O
subjects	O
and	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
gastric	O
and	O
duodenal	O
ulcer	O
and	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
fiber-enriched	O
wheat	B-plant
bran	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
gastric	B-disease
ulcer	I-disease
.	O

intragastric	O
bile	O
acid	O
concentrations	O
in	O
healthy	O
subjects	O
and	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
gastric	B-disease
and	I-disease
duodenal	I-disease
ulcer	I-disease
and	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
fiber-enriched	O
wheat	B-plant
bran	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
gastric	O
ulcer.	O

intragastric	O
bile	O
acid	O
concentrations	O
in	O
healthy	O
subjects	O
and	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
gastric	O
and	O
duodenal	B-disease
ulcer	I-disease
and	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
fiber-enriched	O
wheat	B-plant
bran	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
gastric	O
ulcer.	O

fiber-enriched	O
wheat	B-plant
bran	O
reduced	O
bile	O
acid	O
concentrations	O
significantly	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
gastric	B-disease
ulcer	I-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

approximately	O
90%	O
of	O
indian	O
oral	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
are	O
tobacco	B-plant
related,	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
developing	O
the	O
lesion	O
being	O
ten	O
times	O
higher	O
if	O
the	O
habit	O
is	O
formed	O
below	O
the	O
age	O
of	O
14	O
years.	O

public	O
awareness	O
about	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
is	O
low	O
at	O
present,	O
and	O
new	O
approaches	O
to	O
this	O
problem	O
should	O
include	O
education	O
in	O
the	O
schools	O
on	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
formulation	O
of	O
legislative	O
action	O
to	O
ban	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
near	O
schools	O
and	O
colleges,	O
and	O
imposition	O
of	O
societal	O
barriers	O
that	O
would	O
make	O
the	O
nonchewing	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
socially	O
more	O
acceptable	O
than	O
chewing	O
it.	O

public	O
awareness	O
about	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
is	O
low	O
at	O
present,	O
and	O
new	O
approaches	O
to	O
this	O
problem	O
should	O
include	O
education	O
in	O
the	O
schools	O
on	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
formulation	O
of	O
legislative	O
action	O
to	O
ban	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
near	O
schools	O
and	O
colleges,	O
and	O
imposition	O
of	O
societal	O
barriers	O
that	O
would	O
make	O
the	O
nonchewing	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
socially	O
more	O
acceptable	O
than	O
chewing	O
it.	O

public	O
awareness	O
about	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
is	O
low	O
at	O
present,	O
and	O
new	O
approaches	O
to	O
this	O
problem	O
should	O
include	O
education	O
in	O
the	O
schools	O
on	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
formulation	O
of	O
legislative	O
action	O
to	O
ban	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
near	O
schools	O
and	O
colleges,	O
and	O
imposition	O
of	O
societal	O
barriers	O
that	O
would	O
make	O
the	O
nonchewing	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
socially	O
more	O
acceptable	O
than	O
chewing	O
it.	O

public	O
awareness	O
about	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
is	O
low	O
at	O
present,	O
and	O
new	O
approaches	O
to	O
this	O
problem	O
should	O
include	O
education	O
in	O
the	O
schools	O
on	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
formulation	O
of	O
legislative	O
action	O
to	O
ban	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
near	O
schools	O
and	O
colleges,	O
and	O
imposition	O
of	O
societal	O
barriers	O
that	O
would	O
make	O
the	O
nonchewing	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
socially	O
more	O
acceptable	O
than	O
chewing	O
it.	O

public	O
awareness	O
about	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
is	O
low	O
at	O
present,	O
and	O
new	O
approaches	O
to	O
this	O
problem	O
should	O
include	O
education	O
in	O
the	O
schools	O
on	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
formulation	O
of	O
legislative	O
action	O
to	O
ban	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
near	O
schools	O
and	O
colleges,	O
and	O
imposition	O
of	O
societal	O
barriers	O
that	O
would	O
make	O
the	O
nonchewing	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
socially	O
more	O
acceptable	O
than	O
chewing	O
it.	O

public	O
awareness	O
about	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
is	O
low	O
at	O
present,	O
and	O
new	O
approaches	O
to	O
this	O
problem	O
should	O
include	O
education	O
in	O
the	O
schools	O
on	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
formulation	O
of	O
legislative	O
action	O
to	O
ban	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
near	O
schools	O
and	O
colleges,	O
and	O
imposition	O
of	O
societal	O
barriers	O
that	O
would	O
make	O
the	O
nonchewing	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
socially	O
more	O
acceptable	O
than	O
chewing	O
it.	O

the	O
effects	O
of	O
vitamin	O
c	O
on	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
human	O
lung	O
cultures	O
and	O
of	O
vitamin	O
c	O
or	O
l-cysteine	O
on	O
a	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
culture	O
(sk-br-3)	O
were	O
assessed	O
with	O
and	O
without	O
exposure	O
to	O
fresh	O
smoke	O
from	O
tobacco	O
or	O
marijuana	B-plant
cigarettes.	O

the	O
effects	O
of	O
vitamin	O
c	O
on	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
human	O
lung	O
cultures	O
and	O
of	O
vitamin	O
c	O
or	O
l-cysteine	O
on	O
a	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
culture	O
(sk-br-3)	O
were	O
assessed	O
with	O
and	O
without	O
exposure	O
to	O
fresh	O
smoke	O
from	O
tobacco	B-plant
or	O
marijuana	O
cigarettes.	O

nonexposed	O
or	O
tobacco	B-plant
-smoke-exposed	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cultures,	O
when	O
grown	O
in	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
vitamin	O
c,	O
also	O
showed	O
acceleration	O
of	O
growth	O
of	O
epithelial	O
cells,	O
significant	O
reduction	O
in	O
mitotic	O
abnormalities,	O
and	O
occurrence	O
of	O
pseudoglandular	O
structures,	O
indicating	O
differentiation.	O

in	O
contrast,	O
vitamin	O
c	O
did	O
not	O
reduce	O
mitotic	O
abnormalities	O
in	O
marijuana	B-plant
-smoke-exposed	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cultures,	O
but	O
stimulated	O
abnormal	O
growth	O
and	O
dedifferentiation.	O

in	O
nonexposed,	O
tobacco-,	O
or	O
marijuana	B-plant
-smoke-exposed	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cultures.	O

in	O
nonexposed,	O
tobacco	B-plant
-,	O
or	O
marijuana-smoke-exposed	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cultures.	O

efficacy	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
prevention	O
by	O
high-selenium	O
garlic	B-plant
is	O
primarily	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
action	O
of	O
selenium.	O

we	O
reported	O
previously	O
that	O
garlic	B-plant
cultivated	O
with	O
selenite	O
fertilization	O
showed	O
powerful	O
chemopreventive	O
activity	O
in	O
the	O
rat	O
dimethylbenz[a]anthracene	O
(dmba)-induced	O
mammary	B-disease
tumor	I-disease
model	O
(carcinogenesis	O
15,	O
573-576,	O
1994).	O

in	O
order	O
to	O
ascertain	O
that	O
the	O
efficacy	O
of	O
the	O
high-selenium	O
garlic	B-plant
in	O
cancer	B-disease
protection	O
is	O
primarily	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
action	O
of	O
selenium	O
we	O
compared	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
two	O
batches	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
powder	O
with	O
marked	O
differences	O
in	O
their	O
level	O
of	O
selenium	O
enrichment,	O
112	O
or	O
1355	O
p.p.m.	O

in	O
order	O
to	O
ascertain	O
that	O
the	O
efficacy	O
of	O
the	O
high-selenium	O
garlic	B-plant
in	O
cancer	B-disease
protection	O
is	O
primarily	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
action	O
of	O
selenium	O
we	O
compared	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
two	O
batches	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
powder	O
with	O
marked	O
differences	O
in	O
their	O
level	O
of	O
selenium	O
enrichment,	O
112	O
or	O
1355	O
p.p.m.	O

furthermore,	O
the	O
magnitude	O
tumor	B-disease
suppression,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
extent	O
of	O
dmba-dna	O
adduct	O
inhibition,	O
were	O
very	O
similar	O
with	O
the	O
two	O
batches	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
even	O
though	O
the	O
amounts	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
in	O
the	O
diet	O
varied	O
considerably	O
between	O
them	O
(1.8%	O
for	O
the	O
112	O
p.p.m.	O

furthermore,	O
the	O
magnitude	O
tumor	B-disease
suppression,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
extent	O
of	O
dmba-dna	O
adduct	O
inhibition,	O
were	O
very	O
similar	O
with	O
the	O
two	O
batches	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
even	O
though	O
the	O
amounts	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
in	O
the	O
diet	O
varied	O
considerably	O
between	O
them	O
(1.8%	O
for	O
the	O
112	O
p.p.m.	O

thus,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
several	O
biological	O
responses,	O
it	O
appears	O
that	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
the	O
high-selenium	O
garlic	B-plant
to	O
protect	O
against	O
tumorigenesis	B-disease
is	O
primarily	O
dependent	O
on	O
increased	O
intake	O
of	O
selenium	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
vegetable.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
not	O
associated	O
with	O
risk	O
of	O
pancreas	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
finland.	O

background:	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
has	O
been	O
brought	O
to	O
focus	O
as	O
a	O
possible	O
risk	O
factor	O
for	O
pancreas	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

after	O
having	O
reviewed	O
the	O
available	O
evidence,	O
an	O
international	O
agency	O
for	O
research	O
on	O
cancer	B-disease
working	O
group	O
concluded	O
in	O
1991	O
that	O
the	O
evidence	O
in	O
humans	O
that	O
coffee	B-plant
drinking	O
is	O
carcinogenic	O
in	O
the	O
pancreas	O
is	O
inadequate,	O
since	O
the	O
available	O
data	O
were	O
considered	O
suggestive	O
of	O
a	O
weak	O
relationship	O
with	O
high	O
levels	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption,	O
but	O
the	O
possibility	O
that	O
this	O
was	O
due	O
to	O
bias	O
or	O
confounding	O
was	O
judged	O
tenable.	O

after	O
having	O
reviewed	O
the	O
available	O
evidence,	O
an	O
international	O
agency	O
for	O
research	O
on	O
cancer	B-disease
working	O
group	O
concluded	O
in	O
1991	O
that	O
the	O
evidence	O
in	O
humans	O
that	O
coffee	B-plant
drinking	O
is	O
carcinogenic	O
in	O
the	O
pancreas	O
is	O
inadequate,	O
since	O
the	O
available	O
data	O
were	O
considered	O
suggestive	O
of	O
a	O
weak	O
relationship	O
with	O
high	O
levels	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption,	O
but	O
the	O
possibility	O
that	O
this	O
was	O
due	O
to	O
bias	O
or	O
confounding	O
was	O
judged	O
tenable.	O

methods:	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
pancreas	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
was	O
examined	O
in	O
a	O
case-referent	O
study	O
in	O
finland.	O

data	O
on	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
20	O
years	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
were	O
obtained	O
from	O
the	O
next	O
of	O
kin	O
of	O
662	O
cases	O
of	O
pancreas	O
cancer	B-disease
and	O
1,770	O
referent	O
(stomach,	O
colon,	O
and	O
rectum)	O
cancer	B-disease
s.	O

data	O
on	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
20	O
years	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
cancer	O
were	O
obtained	O
from	O
the	O
next	O
of	O
kin	O
of	O
662	O
cases	O
of	O
pancreas	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
1,770	O
referent	O
(stomach,	O
colon,	O
and	O
rectum)	O
cancers.	O

data	O
on	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
20	O
years	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
cancer	O
were	O
obtained	O
from	O
the	O
next	O
of	O
kin	O
of	O
662	O
cases	O
of	O
pancreas	O
cancer	O
and	O
1,770	O
referent	O
(stomach,	B-disease
colon,	I-disease
and	I-disease
rectum)	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

data	O
on	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
20	O
years	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
cancer	O
were	O
obtained	O
from	O
the	O
next	O
of	O
kin	O
of	O
662	O
cases	O
of	O
pancreas	O
cancer	O
and	O
1,770	O
referent	O
(stomach,	O
colon,	B-disease
and	I-disease
rectum)	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

data	O
on	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
20	O
years	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
cancer	O
were	O
obtained	O
from	O
the	O
next	O
of	O
kin	O
of	O
662	O
cases	O
of	O
pancreas	O
cancer	O
and	O
1,770	O
referent	O
(stomach,	O
colon,	O
and	O
rectum)	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

the	O
results	O
were	O
expressed	O
as	O
crude	O
and	O
age-,	O
gender-,	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking-adjusted	O
odds	O
ratios	O
and	O
95%	O
confidence	O
intervals	O
for	O
three	O
daily	O
coffee	O
dose	O
categories	O
20	O
years	O
prior	O
to	O
cancer	B-disease
diagnosis.	O

the	O
results	O
were	O
expressed	O
as	O
crude	O
and	O
age-,	O
gender-,	O
and	O
tobacco	O
smoking-adjusted	O
odds	O
ratios	O
and	O
95%	O
confidence	O
intervals	O
for	O
three	O
daily	O
coffee	B-plant
dose	O
categories	O
20	O
years	O
prior	O
to	O
cancer	B-disease
diagnosis.	O

results:	O
the	O
data	O
failed	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
any	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
for	O
pancreas	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

the	O
crude	O
odds	O
ratios	O
varied	O
between	O
0.7	O
(95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
0.3-1.5)	O
and	O
1.3	O
(0.7-2.6),	O
the	O
adjusted	O
ones	O
between	O
0.5	O
(0.2-1.2)	O
and	O
1.1	O
(0.6-2.1)	O
in	O
the	O
different	O
daily	O
dose	O
categories	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
between	O
contrasts	O
with	O
the	O
three	O
referent	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
results	O
are	O
unlikely	O
to	O
be	O
negatively	O
biased,	O
and	O
are	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
epidemiologic	O
results	O
advanced,	O
suggesting	O
no	O
positive	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
pancreas	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

past	O
and	O
current	O
salted	O
meat	O
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
increased	O
risks	O
of	O
laryngeal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
after	O
controlling	O
for	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
and	O
alcohol.	O

optimal	O
dose	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
to	O
inhibit	O
dimethylhydrazine-induced	O
colon	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

this	O
study	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
optimal	O
dose	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
during	O
long-term	O
feeding	O
and	O
its	O
preventive	O
and	O
therapeutic	O
effects	O
on	O
colon	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
rats	O
induced	O
by	O
1,2-dimethylhydrazine	O
(dmh).	O

the	O
incidence	O
of	O
colon	B-disease
tumor	I-disease
was	O
significantly	O
decreased	O
in	O
the	O
groups	O
fed	O
with	O
2.5%,	O
5%,	O
and	O
10%	O
garlic	B-plant
diets	O
(p	O
<	O
0.001).	O

therefore	O
the	O
minimal	O
optimal	O
dose	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
to	O
inhibit	O
colon	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
was	O
2.5%.	O

in	O
a	O
therapeutic	O
study,	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
-inducing	O
interval	O
in	O
nude	O
mice	O
subcutaneously	O
injected	O
with	O
colon	O
cancer	O
cells	O
(cc-m2)	O
was	O
prolonged	O
by	O
a	O
2.5%	O
garlic	B-plant
diet	O
(p	O
<	O
0.01).	O

in	O
a	O
therapeutic	O
study,	O
the	O
tumor-inducing	O
interval	O
in	O
nude	O
mice	O
subcutaneously	O
injected	O
with	O
colon	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells	O
(cc-m2)	O
was	O
prolonged	O
by	O
a	O
2.5%	O
garlic	B-plant
diet	O
(p	O
<	O
0.01).	O

thus	O
smaller	O
tumor	B-disease
volume	O
and	O
longer	O
survival	O
time	O
were	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
garlic	B-plant
group	O
than	O
in	O
the	O
controls	O
(p	O
<	O
0.01).	O

however,	O
the	O
growth	O
rate	O
of	O
tumors	B-disease
was	O
not	O
markedly	O
inhibited	O
by	O
garlic	B-plant
.	O

this	O
study	O
suggested	O
that	O
a	O
2.5%	O
garlic	B-plant
dose	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
mainly	O
as	O
an	O
inhibitor	O
to	O
prevent	O
colon	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
and	O
improve	O
survival	O
time.	O

the	O
evidence	O
for	O
soybean	B-plant
products	O
as	O
cancer	B-disease
preventive	O
agents.	O

there	O
is	O
much	O
evidence	O
suggesting	O
that	O
compounds	O
present	O
in	O
soybeans	B-plant
can	O
prevent	O
cancer	B-disease
in	O
many	O
different	O
organ	O
systems.	O

the	O
evidence	O
for	O
specific	O
soybean	B-plant
-derived	O
compounds	O
having	O
a	O
suppressive	O
effect	O
on	O
carcinogenesis	B-disease
in	O
animal	O
model	O
systems	O
is	O
limited,	O
however.	O

there	O
is	O
evidence	O
that	O
the	O
following	O
isolated	O
soybean	B-plant
derived	O
products	O
suppress	O
carcinogenesis	B-disease
in	O
vivo:	O
a	O
protease	O
inhibitor,	O
the	O
bowman-birk	O
inhibitor,	O
inositol	O
hexaphosphate	O
(phytic	O
acid)	O
and	O
the	O
sterol	O
beta-sitosterol.	O

other	O
compounds	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
suppress	O
carcinogenesis	B-disease
in	O
animals	O
are	O
the	O
soybean	B-plant
isoflavones.	O

there	O
is	O
much	O
evidence	O
to	O
suggest	O
that	O
diets	O
containing	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
soybean	B-plant
products	O
are	O
associated	O
with	O
overall	O
low	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
rates,	O
particularly	O
for	O
cancer	B-disease
s	O
of	O
the	O
colon,	O
breast	O
and	O
prostate.	O

there	O
is	O
much	O
evidence	O
to	O
suggest	O
that	O
diets	O
containing	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
soybean	B-plant
products	O
are	O
associated	O
with	O
overall	O
low	O
cancer	O
mortality	O
rates,	O
particularly	O
for	O
cancers	B-disease
of	I-disease
the	I-disease
colon,	I-disease
breast	I-disease
and	I-disease
prostate	I-disease
.	O

there	O
is	O
much	O
evidence	O
to	O
suggest	O
that	O
diets	O
containing	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
soybean	B-plant
products	O
are	O
associated	O
with	O
overall	O
low	O
cancer	O
mortality	O
rates,	O
particularly	O
for	O
cancers	B-disease
of	I-disease
the	I-disease
colon,	I-disease
breast	I-disease
and	O
prostate.	O

there	O
is	O
much	O
evidence	O
to	O
suggest	O
that	O
diets	O
containing	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
soybean	B-plant
products	O
are	O
associated	O
with	O
overall	O
low	O
cancer	O
mortality	O
rates,	O
particularly	O
for	O
cancers	B-disease
of	I-disease
the	I-disease
colon	I-disease
,	O
breast	O
and	O
prostate.	O

it	O
is	O
believed	O
that	O
supplementation	O
of	O
human	O
diets	O
with	O
certain	O
soybean	B-plant
products	O
shown	O
to	O
suppress	O
carcinogenesis	O
in	O
animals	O
could	O
markedly	O
reduce	O
human	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
rates.	O

it	O
is	O
believed	O
that	O
supplementation	O
of	O
human	O
diets	O
with	O
certain	O
soybean	B-plant
products	O
shown	O
to	O
suppress	O
carcinogenesis	B-disease
in	O
animals	O
could	O
markedly	O
reduce	O
human	O
cancer	O
mortality	O
rates.	O

detection	O
and	O
cloning	O
of	O
potent	O
transforming	O
gene(s)	O
from	O
chewing	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
human	O
oral	B-disease
carcinomas	I-disease
.	O

the	O
lack	O
of	O
association	O
of	O
the	O
nude	O
mice	O
tumour	B-disease
dna	O
with	O
myc/ras/egf-r	O
showing	O
aberrations	O
in	O
the	O
primary	O
human	O
tumour	B-disease
,	O
implies	O
activation	O
of	O
an	O
alternative	O
potent	O
transforming	O
gene(s)	O
in	O
the	O
chewing	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	O
carcinomas	O
in	O
india.	O

the	O
lack	O
of	O
association	O
of	O
the	O
nude	O
mice	O
tumour	B-disease
dna	O
with	O
myc/ras/egf-r	O
showing	O
aberrations	O
in	O
the	O
primary	O
human	O
tumour	B-disease
,	O
implies	O
activation	O
of	O
an	O
alternative	O
potent	O
transforming	O
gene(s)	O
in	O
the	O
chewing	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	O
carcinomas	O
in	O
india.	O

the	O
lack	O
of	O
association	O
of	O
the	O
nude	O
mice	O
tumour	O
dna	O
with	O
myc/ras/egf-r	O
showing	O
aberrations	O
in	O
the	O
primary	O
human	O
tumour,	O
implies	O
activation	O
of	O
an	O
alternative	O
potent	O
transforming	O
gene(s)	O
in	O
the	O
chewing	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	B-disease
carcinomas	I-disease
in	O
india.	O

policy	O
advocacy	O
strategies	O
have	O
proven	O
themselves	O
effective	O
in	O
cancer	B-disease
prevention	O
efforts	O
involving	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
and	O
nutrition.	O

after	O
injection	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
in	O
tumor	B-disease
focus	O
a	O
large	O
amount	O
of	O
neutrophils,	O
macrophages	O
and	O
lymphocytes	O
appeared.	O

this	O
result	O
showed	O
that	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
could	O
induce	O
neutrophils	O
and	O
macrophages	O
against	O
tumor	B-disease
.	O

induced	O
cytotoxicity	B-disease
and	O
cell	O
proliferation	O
in	O
the	O
hepatocarcinogenicity	O
of	O
chloroform	O
in	O
female	O
b6c3f1	O
mice:	O
comparison	O
of	O
administration	O
by	O
gavage	O
in	O
corn	B-plant
oil	O
vs	O
ad	O
libitum	O
in	O
drinking	O
water.	O

chloroform	O
increases	O
the	O
incidence	O
of	O
liver	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
in	O
b6c3f1	O
mice	O
when	O
administered	O
in	O
by	O
gavage	O
in	O
corn	B-plant
oil,	O
but	O
not	O
when	O
given	O
in	O
the	O
drinking	O
water	O
at	O
similar	O
daily	O
doses.	O

dose-dependent	O
changes	O
included	O
centrilobular	O
necrosis	B-disease
and	O
markedly	O
elevated	O
li	O
in	O
mice	O
given	O
238	O
or	O
477	O
mg/kg	O
chloroform	O
in	O
corn	B-plant
oil	O
(the	O
average	O
daily	O
doses	O
that	O
produced	O
tumors	O
in	O
the	O
cancer	O
bioassay).	O

dose-dependent	O
changes	O
included	O
centrilobular	O
necrosis	O
and	O
markedly	O
elevated	O
li	O
in	O
mice	O
given	O
238	O
or	O
477	O
mg/kg	O
chloroform	O
in	O
corn	B-plant
oil	O
(the	O
average	O
daily	O
doses	O
that	O
produced	O
tumors	B-disease
in	O
the	O
cancer	O
bioassay).	O

dose-dependent	O
changes	O
included	O
centrilobular	O
necrosis	O
and	O
markedly	O
elevated	O
li	O
in	O
mice	O
given	O
238	O
or	O
477	O
mg/kg	O
chloroform	O
in	O
corn	B-plant
oil	O
(the	O
average	O
daily	O
doses	O
that	O
produced	O
tumors	O
in	O
the	O
cancer	B-disease
bioassay).	O

the	O
sustained	O
increase	O
in	O
li	O
in	O
the	O
livers	O
of	O
mice	O
administered	O
hepatocarcinogenic	O
doses	O
of	O
chloroform	O
in	O
corn	B-plant
oil,	O
but	O
not	O
for	O
chloroform	O
in	O
drinking	O
water,	O
is	O
evidence	O
that	O
chloroform-induced	O
mouse	O
liver	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
is	O
secondary	O
to	O
events	O
associated	O
with	O
induced	O
cytolethality	O
and	O
cell	O
proliferation.	O

the	O
sustained	O
increase	O
in	O
li	O
in	O
the	O
livers	O
of	O
mice	O
administered	O
hepatocarcinogenic	B-disease
doses	O
of	O
chloroform	O
in	O
corn	B-plant
oil,	O
but	O
not	O
for	O
chloroform	O
in	O
drinking	O
water,	O
is	O
evidence	O
that	O
chloroform-induced	O
mouse	O
liver	O
cancer	O
is	O
secondary	O
to	O
events	O
associated	O
with	O
induced	O
cytolethality	O
and	O
cell	O
proliferation.	O

preventive	O
action	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
on	O
aflatoxin	O
b1-induced	O
carcinogenesis	B-disease
in	O
the	O
toad	O
bufo	O
regularis.	O

the	O
action	O
of	O
fresh	O
minced	O
garlic	B-plant
and	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
on	O
aflatoxin	O
b1-	O
(afb1)	O
induced	O
carcinogenesis	B-disease
in	O
the	O
toad	O
bufo	O
regularis	O
was	O
studied.	O

the	O
action	O
of	O
fresh	O
minced	O
garlic	B-plant
and	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
on	O
aflatoxin	O
b1-	O
(afb1)	O
induced	O
carcinogenesis	B-disease
in	O
the	O
toad	O
bufo	O
regularis	O
was	O
studied.	O

animals	O
given	O
afb1	O
together	O
with	O
fresh	O
garlic	B-plant
or	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
showed	O
a	O
significant	O
reduction	O
in	O
tumor	B-disease
incidence.	O

animals	O
given	O
afb1	O
together	O
with	O
fresh	O
garlic	B-plant
or	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
showed	O
a	O
significant	O
reduction	O
in	O
tumor	B-disease
incidence.	O

the	O
tumor	B-disease
incidences	O
were	O
3%	O
and	O
9%	O
in	O
animals	O
given	O
afb1	O
plus	O
garlic	B-plant
and	O
afb1	O
plus	O
garlic	B-plant
oil,	O
respectively.	O

the	O
tumor	B-disease
incidences	O
were	O
3%	O
and	O
9%	O
in	O
animals	O
given	O
afb1	O
plus	O
garlic	B-plant
and	O
afb1	O
plus	O
garlic	B-plant
oil,	O
respectively.	O

in	O
all	O
three	O
groups,	O
the	O
tumors	B-disease
were	O
located	O
in	O
the	O
liver	O
(hepatocellular	O
carcinomas),	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
kidney	O
in	O
animals	O
treated	O
with	O
afb1	O
alone	O
and	O
together	O
with	O
garlic	B-plant
.	O

in	O
all	O
three	O
groups,	O
the	O
tumors	O
were	O
located	O
in	O
the	O
liver	O
(	O
hepatocellular	B-disease
carcinomas	I-disease
),	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
kidney	O
in	O
animals	O
treated	O
with	O
afb1	O
alone	O
and	O
together	O
with	O
garlic	B-plant
.	O

it	O
is	O
speculated	O
that	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
constituents	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
may	O
be	O
responsible	O
for	O
inhibition	O
of	O
afb1-induced	O
carcinogenesis	B-disease
in	O
b.	O
regularis.	O

ten	O
organosulfur	O
compounds	O
from	O
garlic	B-plant
and	O
onions	O
were	O
studied	O
for	O
their	O
modifying	O
effects	O
on	O
diethylnitrosamine-induced	O
neoplasia	O
of	O
liver	O
in	O
male	O
f344	O
rats	O
using	O
the	O
medium-term	O
bioassay	O
system	O
of	O
ito	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
two-step	O
model	O
of	O
hepatocarcinogenesis	B-disease
.	O

ten	O
organosulfur	O
compounds	O
from	O
garlic	B-plant
and	O
onions	O
were	O
studied	O
for	O
their	O
modifying	O
effects	O
on	O
diethylnitrosamine-induced	O
neoplasia	B-disease
of	I-disease
liver	I-disease
in	O
male	O
f344	O
rats	O
using	O
the	O
medium-term	O
bioassay	O
system	O
of	O
ito	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
two-step	O
model	O
of	O
hepatocarcinogenesis.	O

ten	O
organosulfur	O
compounds	O
from	O
garlic	O
and	O
onions	B-plant
were	O
studied	O
for	O
their	O
modifying	O
effects	O
on	O
diethylnitrosamine-induced	O
neoplasia	O
of	O
liver	O
in	O
male	O
f344	O
rats	O
using	O
the	O
medium-term	O
bioassay	O
system	O
of	O
ito	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
two-step	O
model	O
of	O
hepatocarcinogenesis	B-disease
.	O

ten	O
organosulfur	O
compounds	O
from	O
garlic	O
and	O
onions	B-plant
were	O
studied	O
for	O
their	O
modifying	O
effects	O
on	O
diethylnitrosamine-induced	O
neoplasia	B-disease
of	I-disease
liver	I-disease
in	O
male	O
f344	O
rats	O
using	O
the	O
medium-term	O
bioassay	O
system	O
of	O
ito	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
two-step	O
model	O
of	O
hepatocarcinogenesis.	O

in	O
evaluating	O
relationships	O
between	O
diet	O
and	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
it	O
is	O
appropriate	O
to	O
consider	O
not	O
only	O
the	O
possible	O
protective	O
role	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
and	O
onions	O
but	O
also	O
their	O
enhancing	O
effects.	O

in	O
evaluating	O
relationships	O
between	O
diet	O
and	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
it	O
is	O
appropriate	O
to	O
consider	O
not	O
only	O
the	O
possible	O
protective	O
role	O
of	O
garlic	O
and	O
onions	B-plant
but	O
also	O
their	O
enhancing	O
effects.	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
obstructive	O
respiratory	B-disease
disease	I-disease
associated	O
with	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
in	O
indoor	O
air,	O
independent	O
of	O
active	O
smoking,	O
ambient	O
air	O
pollution,	O
and	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
other	O
sources	O
of	O
residential	O
indoor	O
air	O
pollution.	O

the	O
majority	O
of	O
all	O
sixth	O
grade	O
students	O
surveyed	O
were	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
health	O
risks	O
of	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
an	O
increased	O
risk	O
for	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

alcohol	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
habits	O
have	O
been	O
identified	O
as	O
strong	O
risk	O
factors	O
for	O
esophageal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

this	O
study	O
examined	O
whether	O
they	O
may	O
prevent	O
the	O
occurrence	O
of	O
upper	O
aerodigestive	O
cancer	O
in	O
subjects	O
heavily	O
exposed	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking,	O
such	O
as	O
patients	O
already	O
cured	O
of	O
an	O
early-stage	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

this	O
study	O
examined	O
whether	O
they	O
may	O
prevent	O
the	O
occurrence	O
of	O
upper	O
aerodigestive	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
subjects	O
heavily	O
exposed	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking,	O
such	O
as	O
patients	O
already	O
cured	O
of	O
an	O
early-stage	O
lung	O
cancer.	O

conclusion:	O
daily	O
oral	O
administration	O
of	O
high-dose	O
vitamin	O
a	O
is	O
effective	O
in	O
reducing	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
new	O
primary	O
tumors	B-disease
related	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
may	O
improve	O
the	O
disease-free	O
interval	O
in	O
patients	O
curatively	O
resected	O
for	O
stage	O
i	O
lung	O
cancer.	O

conclusion:	O
daily	O
oral	O
administration	O
of	O
high-dose	O
vitamin	O
a	O
is	O
effective	O
in	O
reducing	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
new	O
primary	O
tumors	O
related	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
may	O
improve	O
the	O
disease-free	O
interval	O
in	O
patients	O
curatively	O
resected	O
for	O
stage	O
i	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

here	O
we	O
report	O
that	O
genistein,	O
a	O
soybean	B-plant
isoflavone,	O
strongly	O
inhibits	O
tumor	B-disease
promoter-induced	O
h2o2	O
formation	O
both	O
in	O
vivo	O
and	O
in	O
vitro.	O
.	O

garlic	B-plant
and	O
its	O
significance	O
for	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
in	O
humans:	O
a	O
critical	O
view.	O

recently	O
published	O
results	O
of	O
epidemiologic	O
case-control	O
studies	O
in	O
china	O
and	O
italy	O
on	O
gastric	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
in	O
relation	O
to	O
diet	O
suggest	O
that	O
consuming	O
garlic	B-plant
may	O
reduce	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
gastric	O
cancer.	O

recently	O
published	O
results	O
of	O
epidemiologic	O
case-control	O
studies	O
in	O
china	O
and	O
italy	O
on	O
gastric	O
carcinoma	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
diet	O
suggest	O
that	O
consuming	O
garlic	B-plant
may	O
reduce	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
gastric	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

chemical	O
constituents	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
have	O
been	O
tested	O
for	O
their	O
inhibiting	O
effect	O
on	O
carcinogenesis	B-disease
,	O
using	O
in	O
vitro	O
and	O
in	O
vivo	O
models.	O

in	O
most	O
experiments	O
inhibition	O
of	O
tumour	B-disease
growth	O
was	O
established	O
using	O
fresh	O
garlic	B-plant
extract,	O
garlic	B-plant
compounds	O
or	O
synthetically	O
prepared	O
analogs.	O

in	O
most	O
experiments	O
inhibition	O
of	O
tumour	B-disease
growth	O
was	O
established	O
using	O
fresh	O
garlic	B-plant
extract,	O
garlic	B-plant
compounds	O
or	O
synthetically	O
prepared	O
analogs.	O

in	O
this	O
review	O
the	O
strengths	O
and	O
weaknesses	O
of	O
the	O
experiments	O
are	O
discussed	O
and	O
the	O
outcomes	O
are	O
evaluated	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
possible	O
significance	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
or	O
garlic	B-plant
compounds	O
for	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
in	O
humans.	O

in	O
this	O
review	O
the	O
strengths	O
and	O
weaknesses	O
of	O
the	O
experiments	O
are	O
discussed	O
and	O
the	O
outcomes	O
are	O
evaluated	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
possible	O
significance	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
or	O
garlic	B-plant
compounds	O
for	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
in	O
humans.	O

however,	O
the	O
available	O
evidence	O
warrants	O
further	O
research	O
into	O
the	O
possible	O
role	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
in	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
in	O
humans.	O

consumption	O
of	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
and	O
cancer	B-disease
risk:	O
a	O
prospective	O
cohort	O
study.	O

despite	O
indications	O
from	O
experimental	O
studies	O
that	O
tea	B-plant
may	O
protect	O
against	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
epidemiologic	O
evidence	O
has	O
been	O
inconclusive.	O

purpose:	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
subsequent	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach,	O
colorectal,	O
lung,	O
and	O
breast	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
was	O
investigated	O
in	O
the	O
netherlands	O
cohort	O
study	O
on	O
diet	O
and	O
cancer	O
among	O
58,279	O
men	O
and	O
62,573	O
women	O
aged	O
55-69	O
years.	O

purpose:	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
subsequent	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach,	B-disease
colorectal,	I-disease
lung,	I-disease
and	I-disease
breast	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
was	O
investigated	O
in	O
the	O
netherlands	O
cohort	O
study	O
on	O
diet	O
and	O
cancer	O
among	O
58,279	O
men	O
and	O
62,573	O
women	O
aged	O
55-69	O
years.	O

purpose:	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
subsequent	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach,	O
colorectal,	B-disease
lung,	I-disease
and	I-disease
breast	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
was	O
investigated	O
in	O
the	O
netherlands	O
cohort	O
study	O
on	O
diet	O
and	O
cancer	O
among	O
58,279	O
men	O
and	O
62,573	O
women	O
aged	O
55-69	O
years.	O

purpose:	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
subsequent	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach,	O
colorectal,	O
lung,	B-disease
and	I-disease
breast	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
was	O
investigated	O
in	O
the	O
netherlands	O
cohort	O
study	O
on	O
diet	O
and	O
cancer	O
among	O
58,279	O
men	O
and	O
62,573	O
women	O
aged	O
55-69	O
years.	O

the	O
questionnaire	O
data	O
of	O
case	O
subjects	O
and	O
those	O
of	O
a	O
random	O
subcohort	O
(n	O
=	O
3500)	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
calculate	O
rate	O
ratios	O
(rrs)	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
in	O
categories	O
of	O
consumers	O
of	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
compared	O
with	O
nonconsumers.	O

no	O
association	O
was	O
observed	O
between	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
:	O
the	O
risk	O
among	O
tea	B-plant
drinkers	O
in	O
each	O
consumption	O
category	O
was	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
among	O
nondrinkers.	O

no	O
association	O
was	O
observed	O
between	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
:	O
the	O
risk	O
among	O
tea	B-plant
drinkers	O
in	O
each	O
consumption	O
category	O
was	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
among	O
nondrinkers.	O

the	O
rr	O
of	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
among	O
consumers	O
of	O
five	O
or	O
more	O
cups	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
per	O
day	O
was	O
1.3	O
(95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
=	O
0.9-2.0);	O
no	O
dose-response	O
association	O
was	O
observed.	O

in	O
age-	O
and	O
sex-adjusted	O
analyses,	O
consumption	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
was	O
inversely	O
associated	O
with	O
stomach	O
(two-sided	O
p	O
for	O
trend	O
=	O
.147)	O
and	O
lung	O
(two-sided	O
p	O
for	O
trend	O
<	O
.001)	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

when	O
smoking	O
and	O
dietary	O
factors	O
were	O
taken	O
into	O
account,	O
tea	B-plant
in	O
itself	O
did	O
not	O
appear	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
stomach	B-disease
and	I-disease
lung	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
:	O
the	O
rrs	O
in	O
all	O
consumption	O
categories	O
were	O
close	O
to	O
unity.	O

when	O
smoking	O
and	O
dietary	O
factors	O
were	O
taken	O
into	O
account,	O
tea	B-plant
in	O
itself	O
did	O
not	O
appear	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
stomach	O
and	O
lung	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
:	O
the	O
rrs	O
in	O
all	O
consumption	O
categories	O
were	O
close	O
to	O
unity.	O

analysis	O
of	O
the	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
cancer	B-disease
relationship	O
in	O
a	O
subgroup	O
that	O
included	O
subjects	O
in	O
the	O
lowest	O
two	O
quintiles	O
of	O
consumption	O
of	O
vegetables	O
and	O
fruits	O
also	O
failed	O
to	O
reveal	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
three	O
cancer	B-disease
types	O
studied	O
(colorectal,	O
lung,	O
and	O
breast	O
cancer	B-disease
s).	O

analysis	O
of	O
the	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
cancer	O
relationship	O
in	O
a	O
subgroup	O
that	O
included	O
subjects	O
in	O
the	O
lowest	O
two	O
quintiles	O
of	O
consumption	O
of	O
vegetables	O
and	O
fruits	O
also	O
failed	O
to	O
reveal	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
three	O
cancer	O
types	O
studied	O
(colorectal,	O
lung,	O
and	O
breast	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
).	O

analysis	O
of	O
the	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
cancer	B-disease
relationship	O
in	O
a	O
subgroup	O
that	O
included	O
subjects	O
in	O
the	O
lowest	O
two	O
quintiles	O
of	O
consumption	O
of	O
vegetables	O
and	O
fruits	O
also	O
failed	O
to	O
reveal	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
three	O
cancer	B-disease
types	O
studied	O
(colorectal,	O
lung,	O
and	O
breast	O
cancer	B-disease
s).	O

analysis	O
of	O
the	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
cancer	O
relationship	O
in	O
a	O
subgroup	O
that	O
included	O
subjects	O
in	O
the	O
lowest	O
two	O
quintiles	O
of	O
consumption	O
of	O
vegetables	O
and	O
fruits	O
also	O
failed	O
to	O
reveal	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
three	O
cancer	O
types	O
studied	O
(	O
colorectal,	B-disease
lung,	I-disease
and	I-disease
breast	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
).	O

analysis	O
of	O
the	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
cancer	O
relationship	O
in	O
a	O
subgroup	O
that	O
included	O
subjects	O
in	O
the	O
lowest	O
two	O
quintiles	O
of	O
consumption	O
of	O
vegetables	O
and	O
fruits	O
also	O
failed	O
to	O
reveal	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
three	O
cancer	O
types	O
studied	O
(colorectal,	O
lung,	B-disease
and	I-disease
breast	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
).	O

analysis	O
of	O
the	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
cancer	B-disease
relationship	O
in	O
a	O
subgroup	O
that	O
included	O
subjects	O
in	O
the	O
lowest	O
two	O
quintiles	O
of	O
consumption	O
of	O
vegetables	O
and	O
fruits	O
also	O
failed	O
to	O
reveal	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
three	O
cancer	B-disease
types	O
studied	O
(colorectal,	O
lung,	O
and	O
breast	O
cancer	B-disease
s).	O

analysis	O
of	O
the	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
cancer	O
relationship	O
in	O
a	O
subgroup	O
that	O
included	O
subjects	O
in	O
the	O
lowest	O
two	O
quintiles	O
of	O
consumption	O
of	O
vegetables	O
and	O
fruits	O
also	O
failed	O
to	O
reveal	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
three	O
cancer	O
types	O
studied	O
(colorectal,	O
lung,	O
and	O
breast	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
).	O

analysis	O
of	O
the	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
cancer	B-disease
relationship	O
in	O
a	O
subgroup	O
that	O
included	O
subjects	O
in	O
the	O
lowest	O
two	O
quintiles	O
of	O
consumption	O
of	O
vegetables	O
and	O
fruits	O
also	O
failed	O
to	O
reveal	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
three	O
cancer	B-disease
types	O
studied	O
(colorectal,	O
lung,	O
and	O
breast	O
cancer	B-disease
s).	O

analysis	O
of	O
the	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
cancer	O
relationship	O
in	O
a	O
subgroup	O
that	O
included	O
subjects	O
in	O
the	O
lowest	O
two	O
quintiles	O
of	O
consumption	O
of	O
vegetables	O
and	O
fruits	O
also	O
failed	O
to	O
reveal	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
three	O
cancer	O
types	O
studied	O
(	O
colorectal,	B-disease
lung,	I-disease
and	I-disease
breast	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
).	O

analysis	O
of	O
the	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
cancer	O
relationship	O
in	O
a	O
subgroup	O
that	O
included	O
subjects	O
in	O
the	O
lowest	O
two	O
quintiles	O
of	O
consumption	O
of	O
vegetables	O
and	O
fruits	O
also	O
failed	O
to	O
reveal	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
three	O
cancer	O
types	O
studied	O
(colorectal,	O
lung,	B-disease
and	I-disease
breast	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
).	O

conclusions:	O
this	O
investigation	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
protects	O
against	O
four	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
cancers	B-disease
in	O
humans;	O
a	O
cancer-enhancing	O
effect	O
was	O
not	O
evident,	O
either.	O

conclusions:	O
this	O
investigation	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
protects	O
against	O
four	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
cancer	B-disease
s	O
in	O
humans;	O
a	O
cancer	B-disease
-enhancing	O
effect	O
was	O
not	O
evident,	O
either.	O

[3	O
different	O
malignancies	B-disease
of	O
the	O
aerodigestive	O
tract	O
after	O
chronic	O
abuse	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
products].	O

the	O
occurrence	O
of	O
multilocular	O
malignant	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
in	O
the	O
upper	O
aerodigestive	O
tract	O
in	O
young	O
patients	O
with	O
known	O
marijuana	B-plant
abuse	O
has	O
been	O
described	O
by	O
other	O
authors.	O

this	O
case	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
reported	O
that	O
shows	O
the	O
occurrence	O
of	O
three	O
separate	O
malignant	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
with	O
different	O
histologies	O
in	O
the	O
aerodigestive	O
tract	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
a	O
chronic	O
abuse	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
.	O

consumption	O
of	O
corn	B-plant
contaminated	O
at	O
these	O
high	O
levels	O
has	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
high	O
incidence	O
of	O
esophageal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
these	O
areas.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
in	O
madras,	O
india.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
(trc)	O
cases	O
constitute	O
48.2%	O
in	O
men	O
and	O
20.1%	O
in	O
women	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
cancer	B-disease
s	O
seen	O
in	O
india	O
per	O
year.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	O
(trc)	O
cases	O
constitute	O
48.2%	O
in	O
men	O
and	O
20.1%	O
in	O
women	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
cancers	B-disease
seen	O
in	O
india	O
per	O
year.	O

the	O
feeding	O
of	O
the	O
lactobacillus	O
gg	O
before	O
and	O
during	O
carcinogen	O
treatment	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
significant	O
decrease	O
in	O
the	O
incidence	O
of	O
colon	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
small	O
intestinal	O
and	O
colon	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
per	O
tumor-bearing	O
animal	O
for	O
rats	O
fed	O
a	O
20%	O
corn	B-plant
oil	O
diet.	O

the	O
feeding	O
of	O
the	O
lactobacillus	O
gg	O
before	O
and	O
during	O
carcinogen	O
treatment	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
significant	O
decrease	O
in	O
the	O
incidence	O
of	O
colon	O
tumor	B-disease
s	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
small	O
intestinal	O
and	O
colon	O
tumor	B-disease
s	O
per	O
tumor	B-disease
-bearing	O
animal	O
for	O
rats	O
fed	O
a	O
20%	O
corn	B-plant
oil	O
diet.	O

the	O
feeding	O
of	O
the	O
lactobacillus	O
gg	O
before	O
and	O
during	O
carcinogen	O
treatment	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
significant	O
decrease	O
in	O
the	O
incidence	O
of	O
colon	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
small	O
intestinal	O
and	O
colon	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
per	O
tumor-bearing	O
animal	O
for	O
rats	O
fed	O
a	O
20%	O
corn	B-plant
oil	O
diet.	O

animals	O
fed	O
a	O
5%	O
corn	B-plant
oil	O
diet	O
had	O
a	O
lower	O
tumor	B-disease
incidence	O
and	O
number	O
of	O
tumor	B-disease
s	O
resulting	O
from	O
the	O
decrease	O
in	O
dietary	O
fat;	O
in	O
addition	O
the	O
feeding	O
of	O
lactobacillus	O
gg	O
before	O
the	O
carcinogen	O
challenge	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
lower	O
incidence	O
of	O
colon	O
tumor	B-disease
s.	O

animals	O
fed	O
a	O
5%	O
corn	B-plant
oil	O
diet	O
had	O
a	O
lower	O
tumor	O
incidence	O
and	O
number	O
of	O
tumors	O
resulting	O
from	O
the	O
decrease	O
in	O
dietary	O
fat;	O
in	O
addition	O
the	O
feeding	O
of	O
lactobacillus	O
gg	O
before	O
the	O
carcinogen	O
challenge	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
lower	O
incidence	O
of	O
colon	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
.	O

animals	O
fed	O
a	O
5%	O
corn	B-plant
oil	O
diet	O
had	O
a	O
lower	O
tumor	O
incidence	O
and	O
number	O
of	O
tumors	B-disease
resulting	O
from	O
the	O
decrease	O
in	O
dietary	O
fat;	O
in	O
addition	O
the	O
feeding	O
of	O
lactobacillus	O
gg	O
before	O
the	O
carcinogen	O
challenge	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
lower	O
incidence	O
of	O
colon	O
tumors	B-disease
.	O

the	O
importance	O
of	O
the	O
pecan	B-plant
tree	O
pollen	O
in	O
allergic	B-disease
manifestations.	O

objective:	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
pecan	B-plant
tree	O
pollen	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
allergy	B-disease
.	O

of	O
the	O
pecan	B-plant
atopics	B-disease
65.2%	O
had	O
clinical	O
symptoms	O
coinciding	O
only	O
with	O
the	O
pecan	B-plant
pollen	O
season	O
and	O
an	O
additional	O
10.9%	O
had	O
perennial	O
symptoms.	O

conclusion:	O
pecan	B-plant
tree	O
releases	O
highly	O
allergenic	O
pollen	O
grains,	O
which	O
are	O
correlated	O
to	O
the	O
incidence	O
of	O
hay	B-disease
fever	I-disease
in	O
the	O
exposed	O
population.	O

in	O
children,	O
the	O
pecan	B-plant
tree	O
constitutes	O
a	O
possible	O
etiologic	O
agent	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
asthma	B-disease
.	O

[effectiveness	O
of	O
oleum	O
menthae	B-plant
piperitae	I-plant
and	O
paracetamol	O
in	O
therapy	O
of	O
headache	B-disease
of	O
the	O
tension	O
type].	O

the	O
effect	O
of	O
a	O
locally	O
applied	O
peppermint	B-plant
oil	O
preparation	O
on	O
tension-type	B-disease
headache	I-disease
was	O
examined	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
a	O
randomized,	O
placebo-controlled	O
double-blind	O
crossover	O
study	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time.	O

each	O
headache	B-disease
attack	O
was	O
treated	O
by	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
2	O
capsules	O
of	O
the	O
oral	O
medication	O
(1,000	O
mg	O
of	O
acetaminophen	O
or	O
placebo)	O
and	O
the	O
cutaneous	O
application	O
of	O
the	O
oil	O
preparation	O
(	O
peppermint	B-plant
oil	O
or	O
placebo	O
solution).	O

compared	O
to	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
placebo,	O
a	O
10%	O
peppermint	B-plant
oil	O
in	O
ethanol	O
solution	O
significantly	O
reduced	O
the	O
clinical	O
headache	B-disease
intensity	O
already	O
after	O
15	O
minutes	O
(p	O
<	O
0.01).	O

this	O
controlled	O
study	O
showed	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
that	O
a	O
10%	O
peppermint	B-plant
oil	O
in	O
ethanol	O
solution	O
efficiently	O
alleviates	O
tension-type	B-disease
headache	I-disease
.	O

effect	O
on	O
an	O
aqueous	O
extract	O
of	O
selenium-enriched	O
garlic	B-plant
on	O
in	O
vitro	O
markers	O
and	O
in	O
vivo	O
efficacy	O
in	O
cancer	B-disease
prevention.	O

previous	O
work	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
the	O
efficacy	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
prevention	O
by	O
selenium-enriched	O
garlic	B-plant
(se-	O
garlic	B-plant
)	O
is	O
primarily	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
action	O
of	O
selenium.	O

previous	O
work	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
the	O
efficacy	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
prevention	O
by	O
selenium-enriched	O
garlic	B-plant
(se-	O
garlic	B-plant
)	O
is	O
primarily	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
action	O
of	O
selenium.	O

the	O
chemopreventive	O
efficacy	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
garlic	B-plant
extracts	O
was	O
also	O
investigated	O
in	O
the	O
rat	O
methylnitrosourea	O
mammary	O
tumor	B-disease
model.	O

significant	O
cancer	B-disease
protection	O
was	O
observed	O
with	O
treatment	O
by	O
the	O
se-	O
garlic	B-plant
extract	O
(at	O
3	O
p.p.m.	O

data	O
from	O
a	O
large,	O
hospital-based	O
case-control	O
study	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
examine	O
the	O
association	O
of	O
smoking-related	O
risk	O
factors	O
(amount	O
smoked,	O
filter	O
status,	O
mentholation,	O
and	O
differences	O
in	O
smoking	O
habits	O
between	O
blacks	O
and	O
whites)	O
and	O
selected	O
factors	O
other	O
than	O
smoking	O
(environmental	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke,	O
previous	O
primary	O
cancer	B-disease
and	O
radiotherapy,	O
reproductive	O
and	O
endocrine	O
factors,	O
and	O
body	O
mass	O
index)	O
with	O
lung	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

data	O
from	O
a	O
large,	O
hospital-based	O
case-control	O
study	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
examine	O
the	O
association	O
of	O
smoking-related	O
risk	O
factors	O
(amount	O
smoked,	O
filter	O
status,	O
mentholation,	O
and	O
differences	O
in	O
smoking	O
habits	O
between	O
blacks	O
and	O
whites)	O
and	O
selected	O
factors	O
other	O
than	O
smoking	O
(environmental	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke,	O
previous	O
primary	O
cancer	O
and	O
radiotherapy,	O
reproductive	O
and	O
endocrine	O
factors,	O
and	O
body	O
mass	O
index)	O
with	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

in	O
blacks	O
and	O
whites	O
of	O
both	O
sexes,	O
odds	O
ratios	O
for	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
increased	O
with	O
increasing	O
cumulative	O
tobacco	B-plant
tar	O
intake	O
and	O
decreased	O
with	O
years	O
since	O
quitting	O
smoking.	O

exposure	O
to	O
environmental	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
generally	O
showed	O
little	O
relation	O
to	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
variation	O
in	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
rates	O
between	O
populations	O
may	O
be	O
due	O
to:	O
(1)	O
differences	O
in	O
effective	O
exposure	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
carcinogens;	O
(2)	O
differences	O
in	O
factors	O
which	O
modify	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke,	O
including	O
differences	O
in	O
host	O
susceptibility	O
and	O
metabolism	O
of	O
carcinogens,	O
or	O
(3)	O
differences	O
in	O
exposure	O
to	O
other	O
independent	O
risk	O
factors	O
for	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
variation	O
in	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
rates	O
between	O
populations	O
may	O
be	O
due	O
to:	O
(1)	O
differences	O
in	O
effective	O
exposure	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
carcinogens;	O
(2)	O
differences	O
in	O
factors	O
which	O
modify	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke,	O
including	O
differences	O
in	O
host	O
susceptibility	O
and	O
metabolism	O
of	O
carcinogens,	O
or	O
(3)	O
differences	O
in	O
exposure	O
to	O
other	O
independent	O
risk	O
factors	O
for	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
variation	O
in	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
rates	O
between	O
populations	O
may	O
be	O
due	O
to:	O
(1)	O
differences	O
in	O
effective	O
exposure	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
carcinogens;	O
(2)	O
differences	O
in	O
factors	O
which	O
modify	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke,	O
including	O
differences	O
in	O
host	O
susceptibility	O
and	O
metabolism	O
of	O
carcinogens,	O
or	O
(3)	O
differences	O
in	O
exposure	O
to	O
other	O
independent	O
risk	O
factors	O
for	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
variation	O
in	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
rates	O
between	O
populations	O
may	O
be	O
due	O
to:	O
(1)	O
differences	O
in	O
effective	O
exposure	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
carcinogens;	O
(2)	O
differences	O
in	O
factors	O
which	O
modify	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke,	O
including	O
differences	O
in	O
host	O
susceptibility	O
and	O
metabolism	O
of	O
carcinogens,	O
or	O
(3)	O
differences	O
in	O
exposure	O
to	O
other	O
independent	O
risk	O
factors	O
for	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

the	O
overall	O
findings	O
of	O
this	O
study	O
suggest	O
that	O
eppl	O
is	O
a	O
valuable	O
indicator	O
of	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
and	O
that	O
exposure	O
to	O
environmental	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
higher	O
eppl	O
levels	O
and	O
therefore	O
with	O
higher	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk.	O

the	O
overall	O
findings	O
of	O
this	O
study	O
suggest	O
that	O
eppl	O
is	O
a	O
valuable	O
indicator	O
of	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
and	O
that	O
exposure	O
to	O
environmental	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
higher	O
eppl	O
levels	O
and	O
therefore	O
with	O
higher	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk.	O

in	O
a	O
tribal	O
village	O
in	O
kerala,	O
india,	O
local	O
volunteers	O
were	O
trained	O
to	O
work	O
in	O
a	O
programme	O
for	O
the	O
primary	O
prevention	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
and	O
the	O
secondary	O
prevention	O
of	O
common	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

in	O
a	O
tribal	O
village	O
in	O
kerala,	O
india,	O
local	O
volunteers	O
were	O
trained	O
to	O
work	O
in	O
a	O
programme	O
for	O
the	O
primary	O
prevention	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
and	O
the	O
secondary	O
prevention	O
of	O
common	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

they	O
gathered	O
data	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
and	O
alcohol	O
in	O
a	O
population	O
of	O
some	O
19,000	O
people,	O
and	O
identified	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
warning	O
signals	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
in	O
430	O
persons,	O
who	O
were	O
subsequently	O
examined	O
by	O
physicians.	O

[	O
sabal	B-plant
serrulata	I-plant
extract	O
in	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
symptoms	O
of	O
prostatic	B-disease
hypertrophy	I-disease
].	O

the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
sabal	B-plant
serrulata	I-plant
(dwarf	O
palm)	O
extract	O
was	O
evaluated	O
in	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
38	O
patients	O
with	O
symptomatic	O
prostatic	B-disease
hyperplasia	I-disease
.	O

the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
sabal	O
serrulata	O
(	O
dwarf	B-plant
palm	I-plant
)	O
extract	O
was	O
evaluated	O
in	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
38	O
patients	O
with	O
symptomatic	O
prostatic	B-disease
hyperplasia	I-disease
.	O

on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
their	O
favorable	O
experience	O
the	O
authors	O
recommend	O
the	O
administration	O
of	O
sabal	B-plant
serrulata	I-plant
extract	O
in	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
patients	O
with	O
mild	O
or	O
moderate	O
symptoms	O
of	O
prostatic	B-disease
hyperplasia	I-disease
.	O

the	O
incidence	O
of	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
is	O
lower	O
in	O
individuals	O
and	O
populations	O
with	O
high	O
allium	B-plant
vegetable	O
intakes.	O

as	O
part	O
of	O
our	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
allium	B-plant
vegetable	O
intake	O
on	O
cancer	B-disease
prevention,	O
we	O
wished	O
to	O
investigate	O
its	O
antimicrobial	O
activity	O
against	O
h.	O
pylori.	O

it	O
is	O
plausible	O
that	O
the	O
sensitivity	O
of	O
h.	O
pylori	O
to	O
garlic	B-plant
extract	O
at	O
such	O
low	O
concentration	O
may	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
reported	O
lower	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
those	O
with	O
a	O
high	O
allium	O
vegetable	O
intake.	O

it	O
is	O
plausible	O
that	O
the	O
sensitivity	O
of	O
h.	O
pylori	O
to	O
garlic	O
extract	O
at	O
such	O
low	O
concentration	O
may	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
reported	O
lower	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
those	O
with	O
a	O
high	O
allium	B-plant
vegetable	O
intake.	O

influence	O
of	O
dietary	O
capsaicin	O
and	O
onion	B-plant
on	O
the	O
metabolic	B-disease
abnormalities	I-disease
associated	O
with	O
streptozotocin	O
induced	O
diabetes	O
mellitus.	O

influence	O
of	O
dietary	O
capsaicin	O
and	O
onion	B-plant
on	O
the	O
metabolic	O
abnormalities	O
associated	O
with	O
streptozotocin	O
induced	O
diabetes	B-disease
mellitus	I-disease
.	O

effect	O
of	O
feeding	O
15	O
mg%	O
capsaicin	O
diet	O
or	O
3%	O
freeze	O
dried	O
onion	B-plant
powder	O
containing	O
diet	O
were	O
examined	O
in	O
albino	O
rats	O
rendered	O
diabetic	B-disease
with	O
streptozotocin	O
injection.	O
.	O

diabetic	B-disease
rats	O
maintained	O
on	O
onion	B-plant
diet	O
for	O
8	O
weeks	O
excreted	O
comparatively	O
less	O
amounts	O
of	O
albumin,	O
urea,	O
creatinine	O
and	O
inorganic	O
phosphorus.	O

dietary	O
onion	B-plant
also	O
partially	O
reversed	O
the	O
abnormalities	O
in	O
plasma	O
albumin,	O
urea,	O
creatinine	O
and	O
inorganic	O
phosphorus	O
in	O
diabetic	B-disease
animals.	O
.	O

onion	B-plant
also	O
produced	O
a	O
significant	O
reduction	O
in	O
hyperglycemic	B-disease
status	O
of	O
diabetic	O
animals.	O
.	O

diabetic	B-disease
rats	O
maintained	O
on	O
onion	B-plant
diet	O
had	O
a	O
lowered	O
relative	O
liver	O
weight	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
study	O
compared	O
to	O
diabetic	O
control	O
group.	O

diabetic	O
rats	O
maintained	O
on	O
onion	B-plant
diet	O
had	O
a	O
lowered	O
relative	O
liver	O
weight	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
study	O
compared	O
to	O
diabetic	B-disease
control	O
group.	O
.	O

diabetic	B-disease
rats	O
fed	O
onion	B-plant
diet	O
also	O
exhibited	O
lowered	O
lipid	O
peroxides	O
in	O
circulation	O
and	O
in	O
urine	O
when	O
compared	O
to	O
diabetic	O
control	O
group.	O

diabetic	O
rats	O
fed	O
onion	B-plant
diet	O
also	O
exhibited	O
lowered	O
lipid	O
peroxides	O
in	O
circulation	O
and	O
in	O
urine	O
when	O
compared	O
to	O
diabetic	B-disease
control	O
group.	O

blood	O
cholesterol	O
was	O
lowered	O
significantly	O
by	O
dietary	O
onion	B-plant
in	O
diabetic	B-disease
animals.	O

hepatic	O
cholesterol,	O
triglycerides,	O
phospholipids	O
which	O
were	O
elevated	O
under	O
diabetic	B-disease
condition	O
were	O
countered	O
significantly	O
by	O
dietary	O
onion	B-plant
.	O

thus,	O
the	O
study	O
reveals	O
that	O
onion	B-plant
feeding	O
improves	O
the	O
metabolic	O
status	O
in	O
diabetic	B-disease
condition,	O
probably	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
hypoglycemic	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
hypocholesterolemic	O
effect.	O

thus,	O
the	O
study	O
reveals	O
that	O
onion	B-plant
feeding	O
improves	O
the	O
metabolic	O
status	O
in	O
diabetic	O
condition,	O
probably	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
hypoglycemic	B-disease
as	O
well	O
as	O
hypocholesterolemic	O
effect.	O

thus,	O
the	O
study	O
reveals	O
that	O
onion	B-plant
feeding	O
improves	O
the	O
metabolic	O
status	O
in	O
diabetic	O
condition,	O
probably	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
hypoglycemic	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
hypocholesterolemic	B-disease
effect.	O
.	O

garlic	B-plant
prevents	O
hypertension	B-disease
induced	O
by	O
chronic	O
inhibition	O
of	O
nitric	O
oxide	O
synthesis.	O

it	O
has	O
been	O
reported	O
that	O
garlic	B-plant
activates	O
nitric	O
oxide	O
synthase	O
in	O
vitro	O
and	O
that	O
chronic	O
inhibition	O
of	O
nitric	O
oxide	O
(no)	O
synthesis	O
by	O
n	O
omega-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-ester	O
(l-name)	O
induces	O
arterial	B-disease
hypertension	I-disease
in	O
rats.	O

it	O
was	O
found	O
that	O
l-name	O
induced	O
arterial	B-disease
hypertension	I-disease
on	O
weeks	O
1-4inch	O
control	O
rats	O
but	O
not	O
in	O
garlic	B-plant
-fed	O
rats,	O
whose	O
blood	O
pressure	O
remained	O
essentially	O
as	O
the	O
basal	O
values.	O

it	O
was	O
concluded	O
that	O
garlic	B-plant
blocks	O
the	O
l-name-induced	O
hypertension	B-disease
by	O
antagonizing	O
in	O
vivo	O
the	O
inhibitory	O
effect	O
of	O
l-name	O
on	O
no	O
production.	O

we	O
studied	O
whether	O
common	O
shared	O
environmental	O
or	O
behavioral	O
risk	O
factors,	O
other	O
than	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking,	O
underlie	O
both	O
atherosclerotic	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
and	O
cancer.	O

we	O
studied	O
whether	O
common	O
shared	O
environmental	O
or	O
behavioral	O
risk	O
factors,	O
other	O
than	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking,	O
underlie	O
both	O
atherosclerotic	O
diseases	O
and	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

there	O
was	O
no	O
consistent	O
excess	O
over	O
the	O
expected	O
figures	O
for	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
categories	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
not	O
related	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking.	O

we	O
found	O
a	O
moderate	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
risk	O
for	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers,	O
which	O
was	O
strongest	O
for	O
patients	O
with	O
early	O
onset	O
of	O
acute	O
myocardial	B-disease
infarct	I-disease
and	O
for	O
female	O
patients.	O

we	O
found	O
a	O
moderate	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
risk	O
for	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
,	O
which	O
was	O
strongest	O
for	O
patients	O
with	O
early	O
onset	O
of	O
acute	O
myocardial	O
infarct	O
and	O
for	O
female	O
patients.	O

an	O
excess	O
risk	O
of	O
dying	O
of	O
lung	O
cancer	O
and	O
heart	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
probably	O
reflects	O
a	O
high	O
tobacco	B-plant
consumption.	O

an	O
excess	O
risk	O
of	O
dying	O
of	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
heart	O
diseases	O
probably	O
reflects	O
a	O
high	O
tobacco	B-plant
consumption.	O

epidemiologic	O
and	O
clinical	O
studies	O
suggest	O
that	O
tomato	B-plant
consumption	O
may	O
reduce	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

lycopene,	O
a	O
hydrocarbon	O
carotenoid,	O
is	O
the	O
major	O
carotenoid	O
in	O
tomato	B-plant
es	O
and,	O
as	O
a	O
potent	O
singlet	O
oxygen	O
quencher,	O
has	O
been	O
considered	O
by	O
some	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
biologically	O
active	O
agent	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
reduction	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
risk	O
associated	O
with	O
tomato	B-plant
consumption.	O

lycopene,	O
a	O
hydrocarbon	O
carotenoid,	O
is	O
the	O
major	O
carotenoid	O
in	O
tomatoes	B-plant
and,	O
as	O
a	O
potent	O
singlet	O
oxygen	O
quencher,	O
has	O
been	O
considered	O
by	O
some	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
biologically	O
active	O
agent	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
reduction	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
risk	O
associated	O
with	O
tomato	O
consumption.	O

objective:	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
lipid-lowering	O
effect	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
powder	O
tablets	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
hypercholesterolemia	B-disease
.	O

conclusion:	O
garlic	B-plant
powder	O
(900	O
mg/d)	O
treatment	O
for	O
12	O
weeks	O
was	O
ineffective	O
in	O
lowering	O
cholesterol	O
levels	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
hypercholesterolemia	B-disease
.	O

the	O
effects	O
of	O
phenethyl	O
isothiocyanate,	O
n-acetylcysteine	O
and	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
on	O
tobacco	O
smoke-induced	O
lung	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
in	O
strain	O
a/j	O
mice.	O

the	O
effects	O
of	O
phenethyl	O
isothiocyanate,	O
n-acetylcysteine	O
and	O
green	O
tea	O
on	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke-induced	O
lung	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
in	O
strain	O
a/j	O
mice.	O

exposure	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
increased	O
lung	O
tumor	O
multiplicity	O
to	O
1.1-1.6	O
tumors	B-disease
/lung,	O
significantly	O
higher	O
than	O
control	O
values	O
(0.5-1.0	O
tumors	B-disease
/lung).	O

exposure	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
increased	O
lung	O
tumor	O
multiplicity	O
to	O
1.1-1.6	O
tumors	B-disease
/lung,	O
significantly	O
higher	O
than	O
control	O
values	O
(0.5-1.0	O
tumors	B-disease
/lung).	O

exposure	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
increased	O
lung	B-disease
tumor	I-disease
multiplicity	O
to	O
1.1-1.6	O
tumors/lung,	O
significantly	O
higher	O
than	O
control	O
values	O
(0.5-1.0	O
tumors/lung).	O

in	O
positive	O
control	O
experiments,	O
peitc	O
significantly	O
reduced	O
both	O
lung	B-disease
tumor	I-disease
multiplicity	O
and	O
incidence	O
in	O
mice	O
treated	O
with	O
the	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke-specific	O
carcinogen	O
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone	O
(nnk).	O
.	O

green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
extract	O
did	O
not	O
reduce	O
lung	B-disease
tumor	I-disease
multiplicity	O
in	O
animals	O
treated	O
with	O
a	O
single	O
dose	O
of	O
nnk.	O

the	O
efficacy	O
of	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
on	O
cognitive	O
function	O
in	O
alzheimer	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

objective:	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
treatment	O
with	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
extract	O
on	O
objective	O
measures	O
of	O
cognitive	O
function	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
alzheimer	O
disease	O
(	O
ad	B-disease
)	O
based	O
on	O
formal	O
review	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
literature.	O

objective:	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
treatment	O
with	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
extract	O
on	O
objective	O
measures	O
of	O
cognitive	O
function	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
alzheimer	B-disease
disease	I-disease
(ad)	O
based	O
on	O
formal	O
review	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
literature.	O

methods:	O
an	O
attempt	O
was	O
made	O
to	O
identify	O
all	O
english	O
and	O
non-english-language	O
articles	O
in	O
which	O
g.	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
extract	O
was	O
given	O
to	O
subjects	O
with	O
dementia	B-disease
or	O
cognitive	O
impairment.	O

methods:	O
an	O
attempt	O
was	O
made	O
to	O
identify	O
all	O
english	O
and	O
non-english-language	O
articles	O
in	O
which	O
g.	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
extract	O
was	O
given	O
to	O
subjects	O
with	O
dementia	O
or	O
cognitive	B-disease
impairment	I-disease
.	O

inclusion	O
criteria	O
for	O
the	O
meta-analysis	O
were	O
(1)	O
sufficiently	O
characterized	O
patients	O
such	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
clearly	O
stated	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
ad	B-disease
by	O
either	O
diagnostic	O
and	O
statistical	O
manual	O
of	O
mental	O
disorders,	O
revised	O
third	O
edition,	O
or	O
national	O
institute	O
of	O
neurological	O
disorders	O
and	O
stroke-alzheimer\'s	O
disease	O
and	O
related	O
disorders	O
association	O
criteria,	O
or	O
there	O
was	O
enough	O
clinical	O
detail	O
to	O
determine	O
this	O
by	O
our	O
review;	O
(2)	O
clearly	O
stated	O
study	O
exclusion	O
criteria,	O
ie,	O
those	O
studies	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
stated	O
exclusions	O
for	O
depression,	O
other	O
neurologic	O
disease,	O
and	O
central	O
nervous	O
system-active	O
medications	O
were	O
excluded;	O
(3)	O
use	O
of	O
standardized	O
ginkgo	B-plant
extract	O
in	O
any	O
stated	O
dose;	O
(4)	O
randomized,	O
placebo-controlled	O
and	O
double-blind	O
study	O
design;	O
(5)	O
at	O
least	O
1	O
outcome	O
measure	O
was	O
an	O
objective	O
assessment	O
of	O
cognitive	O
function;	O
and	O
(6)	O
sufficient	O
statistical	O
information	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
meta-analysis.	O

inclusion	O
criteria	O
for	O
the	O
meta-analysis	O
were	O
(1)	O
sufficiently	O
characterized	O
patients	O
such	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
clearly	O
stated	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
ad	O
by	O
either	O
diagnostic	O
and	O
statistical	O
manual	O
of	O
mental	B-disease
disorders	I-disease
,	O
revised	O
third	O
edition,	O
or	O
national	O
institute	O
of	O
neurological	O
disorders	O
and	O
stroke-alzheimer\'s	O
disease	O
and	O
related	O
disorders	O
association	O
criteria,	O
or	O
there	O
was	O
enough	O
clinical	O
detail	O
to	O
determine	O
this	O
by	O
our	O
review;	O
(2)	O
clearly	O
stated	O
study	O
exclusion	O
criteria,	O
ie,	O
those	O
studies	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
stated	O
exclusions	O
for	O
depression,	O
other	O
neurologic	O
disease,	O
and	O
central	O
nervous	O
system-active	O
medications	O
were	O
excluded;	O
(3)	O
use	O
of	O
standardized	O
ginkgo	B-plant
extract	O
in	O
any	O
stated	O
dose;	O
(4)	O
randomized,	O
placebo-controlled	O
and	O
double-blind	O
study	O
design;	O
(5)	O
at	O
least	O
1	O
outcome	O
measure	O
was	O
an	O
objective	O
assessment	O
of	O
cognitive	O
function;	O
and	O
(6)	O
sufficient	O
statistical	O
information	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
meta-analysis.	O

inclusion	O
criteria	O
for	O
the	O
meta-analysis	O
were	O
(1)	O
sufficiently	O
characterized	O
patients	O
such	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
clearly	O
stated	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
ad	O
by	O
either	O
diagnostic	O
and	O
statistical	O
manual	O
of	O
mental	O
disorders,	O
revised	O
third	O
edition,	O
or	O
national	O
institute	O
of	O
neurological	B-disease
disorders	I-disease
and	O
stroke-alzheimer\'s	O
disease	O
and	O
related	O
disorders	O
association	O
criteria,	O
or	O
there	O
was	O
enough	O
clinical	O
detail	O
to	O
determine	O
this	O
by	O
our	O
review;	O
(2)	O
clearly	O
stated	O
study	O
exclusion	O
criteria,	O
ie,	O
those	O
studies	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
stated	O
exclusions	O
for	O
depression,	O
other	O
neurologic	O
disease,	O
and	O
central	O
nervous	O
system-active	O
medications	O
were	O
excluded;	O
(3)	O
use	O
of	O
standardized	O
ginkgo	B-plant
extract	O
in	O
any	O
stated	O
dose;	O
(4)	O
randomized,	O
placebo-controlled	O
and	O
double-blind	O
study	O
design;	O
(5)	O
at	O
least	O
1	O
outcome	O
measure	O
was	O
an	O
objective	O
assessment	O
of	O
cognitive	O
function;	O
and	O
(6)	O
sufficient	O
statistical	O
information	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
meta-analysis.	O

inclusion	O
criteria	O
for	O
the	O
meta-analysis	O
were	O
(1)	O
sufficiently	O
characterized	O
patients	O
such	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
clearly	O
stated	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
ad	O
by	O
either	O
diagnostic	O
and	O
statistical	O
manual	O
of	O
mental	O
disorders,	O
revised	O
third	O
edition,	O
or	O
national	O
institute	O
of	O
neurological	O
disorders	O
and	O
stroke-alzheimer\'s	B-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
related	O
disorders	O
association	O
criteria,	O
or	O
there	O
was	O
enough	O
clinical	O
detail	O
to	O
determine	O
this	O
by	O
our	O
review;	O
(2)	O
clearly	O
stated	O
study	O
exclusion	O
criteria,	O
ie,	O
those	O
studies	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
stated	O
exclusions	O
for	O
depression,	O
other	O
neurologic	O
disease,	O
and	O
central	O
nervous	O
system-active	O
medications	O
were	O
excluded;	O
(3)	O
use	O
of	O
standardized	O
ginkgo	B-plant
extract	O
in	O
any	O
stated	O
dose;	O
(4)	O
randomized,	O
placebo-controlled	O
and	O
double-blind	O
study	O
design;	O
(5)	O
at	O
least	O
1	O
outcome	O
measure	O
was	O
an	O
objective	O
assessment	O
of	O
cognitive	O
function;	O
and	O
(6)	O
sufficient	O
statistical	O
information	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
meta-analysis.	O

inclusion	O
criteria	O
for	O
the	O
meta-analysis	O
were	O
(1)	O
sufficiently	O
characterized	O
patients	O
such	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
clearly	O
stated	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
ad	O
by	O
either	O
diagnostic	O
and	O
statistical	O
manual	O
of	O
mental	O
disorders,	O
revised	O
third	O
edition,	O
or	O
national	O
institute	O
of	O
neurological	O
disorders	O
and	O
stroke-alzheimer\'s	O
disease	O
and	O
related	O
disorders	O
association	O
criteria,	O
or	O
there	O
was	O
enough	O
clinical	O
detail	O
to	O
determine	O
this	O
by	O
our	O
review;	O
(2)	O
clearly	O
stated	O
study	O
exclusion	O
criteria,	O
ie,	O
those	O
studies	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
stated	O
exclusions	O
for	O
depression,	O
other	O
neurologic	B-disease
disease	I-disease
,	O
and	O
central	O
nervous	O
system-active	O
medications	O
were	O
excluded;	O
(3)	O
use	O
of	O
standardized	O
ginkgo	B-plant
extract	O
in	O
any	O
stated	O
dose;	O
(4)	O
randomized,	O
placebo-controlled	O
and	O
double-blind	O
study	O
design;	O
(5)	O
at	O
least	O
1	O
outcome	O
measure	O
was	O
an	O
objective	O
assessment	O
of	O
cognitive	O
function;	O
and	O
(6)	O
sufficient	O
statistical	O
information	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
meta-analysis.	O

inclusion	O
criteria	O
for	O
the	O
meta-analysis	O
were	O
(1)	O
sufficiently	O
characterized	O
patients	O
such	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
clearly	O
stated	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
ad	O
by	O
either	O
diagnostic	O
and	O
statistical	O
manual	O
of	O
mental	O
disorders,	O
revised	O
third	O
edition,	O
or	O
national	O
institute	O
of	O
neurological	O
disorders	O
and	O
stroke-alzheimer\'s	O
disease	O
and	O
related	O
disorders	O
association	O
criteria,	O
or	O
there	O
was	O
enough	O
clinical	O
detail	O
to	O
determine	O
this	O
by	O
our	O
review;	O
(2)	O
clearly	O
stated	O
study	O
exclusion	O
criteria,	O
ie,	O
those	O
studies	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
stated	O
exclusions	O
for	O
depression	B-disease
,	O
other	O
neurologic	O
disease,	O
and	O
central	O
nervous	O
system-active	O
medications	O
were	O
excluded;	O
(3)	O
use	O
of	O
standardized	O
ginkgo	B-plant
extract	O
in	O
any	O
stated	O
dose;	O
(4)	O
randomized,	O
placebo-controlled	O
and	O
double-blind	O
study	O
design;	O
(5)	O
at	O
least	O
1	O
outcome	O
measure	O
was	O
an	O
objective	O
assessment	O
of	O
cognitive	O
function;	O
and	O
(6)	O
sufficient	O
statistical	O
information	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
meta-analysis.	O

conclusions:	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
quantitative	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
literature	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
small	O
but	O
significant	O
effect	O
of	O
3-	O
to	O
6-month	O
treatment	O
with	O
120	O
to	O
240	O
mg	O
of	O
g.	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
extract	O
on	O
objective	O
measures	O
of	O
cognitive	O
function	O
in	O
ad	B-disease
.	O

additional	O
research	O
will	O
be	O
needed	O
to	O
define	O
which	O
ingredients	O
in	O
the	O
ginkgo	B-plant
extract	O
are	O
producing	O
its	O
effect	O
in	O
individuals	O
with	O
ad	B-disease
.	O
.	O

wheat	B-plant
bran	O
decreases	O
aberrant	O
crypt	O
foci,	O
preserves	O
normal	O
proliferation,	O
and	O
increases	O
intraluminal	O
butyrate	O
levels	O
in	O
experimental	O
colon	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O
.	O

wheat	B-plant
bran	O
decreases	O
aberrant	B-disease
crypt	I-disease
foci	I-disease
,	O
preserves	O
normal	O
proliferation,	O
and	O
increases	O
intraluminal	O
butyrate	O
levels	O
in	O
experimental	O
colon	O
cancer.	O

background:	O
dietary	O
wheat	B-plant
bran	O
protects	O
against	O
colon	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
but	O
the	O
mechanism(s)	O
of	O
this	O
effect	O
is	O
not	O
known.	O

butyrate,	O
produced	O
by	O
colonic	O
bacterial	O
fermentation	O
of	O
dietary	O
polysaccharides,	O
such	O
as	O
wheat	B-plant
bran,	O
induces	O
apoptosis	O
and	O
decreases	O
proliferation	O
in	O
colon	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cell	O
lines.	O

results:	O
during	O
tumor	B-disease
initiation,	O
wheat	B-plant
bran	O
produced	O
greater	O
apoptosis	O
(p	O
=	O
.01),	O
a	O
trend	O
toward	O
less	O
proliferation,	O
and	O
preserved	O
the	O
normal	O
zone	O
of	O
proliferation	O
(p	O
=	O
.01).	O

at	O
tumor	B-disease
promotion,	O
wheat	B-plant
bran	O
decreased	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
acf	O
(proximal	O
colon,	O
p	O
=	O
.005;	O
distal	O
colon,	O
p	O
=	O
.047)	O
and	O
maintained	O
the	O
normal	O
proliferative	O
zone.	O

at	O
tumor	O
promotion,	O
wheat	B-plant
bran	O
decreased	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
acf	B-disease
(proximal	O
colon,	O
p	O
=	O
.005;	O
distal	O
colon,	O
p	O
=	O
.047)	O
and	O
maintained	O
the	O
normal	O
proliferative	O
zone.	O
.	O

wheat	B-plant
bran	O
produced	O
significantly	O
higher	O
fecal	O
butyrate	O
(p	O
=	O
.01;	O
.004,	O
.00001)	O
levels	O
than	O
the	O
fiber-free	O
diet	O
throughout	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
promotion	O
study.	O

conclusions:	O
wheat	B-plant
bran	O
increased	O
apoptosis	O
and	O
controlled	O
proliferation	O
during	O
tumor	B-disease
initiation	O
and	O
resulted	O
in	O
decreased	O
acf.	O

conclusions:	O
wheat	B-plant
bran	O
increased	O
apoptosis	O
and	O
controlled	O
proliferation	O
during	O
tumor	O
initiation	O
and	O
resulted	O
in	O
decreased	O
acf	B-disease
.	O

among	O
specific	O
foods	O
high	O
in	O
carotenoids,	O
broccoli	B-plant
and	O
spinach	O
were	O
most	O
consistently	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
lower	O
risk	O
of	O
cataract	B-disease
.	O

among	O
specific	O
foods	O
high	O
in	O
carotenoids,	O
broccoli	O
and	O
spinach	B-plant
were	O
most	O
consistently	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
lower	O
risk	O
of	O
cataract	B-disease
.	O

effects	O
of	O
soybean	B-plant
diet	O
on	O
the	O
beta	O
cells	O
in	O
the	O
streptozotocin	O
treated	O
rats	O
for	O
induction	O
of	O
diabetes	B-disease
.	O

in	O
the	O
present	O
study,	O
we	O
showed	O
that	O
dietary	O
soybean	B-plant
prevents	O
induction	O
of	O
experimental	O
hyperglycemia	B-disease
by	O
retaining	O
beta	O
cell	O
activity.	O

moreover,	O
a	O
prolonged	O
hyperglycemia	B-disease
was	O
not	O
observed	O
in	O
rats	O
fed	O
raw	O
soybean	B-plant
even	O
when	O
this	O
was	O
substituted	O
by	O
the	O
normal	O
diet	O
after	O
streptozotocin	O
injection.	O

therefore,	O
we	O
suggest	O
that	O
dietary	O
soybean	B-plant
protected	O
the	O
streptozotocin-induced	O
beta	O
cell	O
damage	O
and	O
restrained	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
hyperglycemia	B-disease
in	O
rats.	O

several	O
epidemiologic	O
studies	O
have	O
suggested	O
a	O
role	O
of	O
tomato	B-plant
products	O
in	O
protecting	O
against	O
cancer	B-disease
and	O
chronic	O
diseases.	O

several	O
epidemiologic	O
studies	O
have	O
suggested	O
a	O
role	O
of	O
tomato	B-plant
products	O
in	O
protecting	O
against	O
cancer	O
and	O
chronic	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
.	O

histopathological	O
studies	O
of	O
the	O
specimens	O
obtained	O
from	O
basilar	O
arteries	O
showed	O
that	O
pathological	O
signs	O
of	O
proliferative	B-disease
vasculopathy	I-disease
,	O
including	O
narrowing	O
of	O
the	O
vessel	O
lumen,	O
corrugation	O
of	O
the	O
lamina	O
elastica	O
and	O
subendothelial	O
thickening,	O
were	O
present	O
in	O
all	O
the	O
animals	O
in	O
the	O
control	O
group,	O
while	O
they	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
demonstrated	O
in	O
the	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
group.	O

histopathological	O
studies	O
of	O
the	O
specimens	O
obtained	O
from	O
basilar	O
arteries	O
showed	O
that	O
pathological	O
signs	O
of	O
proliferative	O
vasculopathy,	O
including	O
narrowing	B-disease
of	I-disease
the	I-disease
vessel	I-disease
lumen	I-disease
,	O
corrugation	O
of	O
the	O
lamina	O
elastica	O
and	O
subendothelial	O
thickening,	O
were	O
present	O
in	O
all	O
the	O
animals	O
in	O
the	O
control	O
group,	O
while	O
they	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
demonstrated	O
in	O
the	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
group.	O

these	O
results	O
suggest	O
that	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
may	O
have	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
against	O
subarachnoid	B-disease
hemorrhage	I-disease
-induced	O
vasospasm	O
and	O
vasculopathy	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
antioxidants.	O

these	O
results	O
suggest	O
that	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
may	O
have	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
against	O
subarachnoid	O
hemorrhage-induced	O
vasospasm	B-disease
and	O
vasculopathy	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
antioxidants.	O

these	O
results	O
suggest	O
that	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
may	O
have	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
against	O
subarachnoid	O
hemorrhage-induced	O
vasospasm	O
and	O
vasculopathy	B-disease
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
antioxidants.	O
.	O

hepatitis	B-disease
was	O
induced	O
by	O
the	O
oral	O
administration	O
of	O
10%	O
solution	O
ccl4inch	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
at	O
a	O
dosage	O
of	O
3	O
ml/kg	O
body	O
weight	O
every	O
day	O
during	O
7	O
days.	O

prevalence,	O
extent	O
and	O
severity	O
of	O
periodontitis	B-disease
as	O
well	O
as	O
tooth	O
loss	O
and	O
edentulism	O
are	O
influenced	O
by	O
tobacco	B-plant
consumption	O
in	O
a	O
dose-dependent	O
manner.	O

prevalence,	O
extent	O
and	O
severity	O
of	O
periodontitis	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
tooth	B-disease
loss	I-disease
and	O
edentulism	O
are	O
influenced	O
by	O
tobacco	B-plant
consumption	O
in	O
a	O
dose-dependent	O
manner.	O

prevalence,	O
extent	O
and	O
severity	O
of	O
periodontitis	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
tooth	O
loss	O
and	O
edentulism	B-disease
are	O
influenced	O
by	O
tobacco	B-plant
consumption	O
in	O
a	O
dose-dependent	O
manner.	O

the	O
effect	O
of	O
unfiltered	O
coffee	B-plant
on	O
potential	O
biomarkers	O
for	O
colonic	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
in	O
healthy	O
volunteers:	O
a	O
randomized	O
trial.	O

background:	O
epidemiologic	O
studies	O
suggest	O
that	O
coffee	B-plant
use	O
might	O
protect	O
against	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

inconsistencies	O
as	O
to	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
use	O
and	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
between	O
epidemiologic	O
studies	O
might	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
brew.	O

inconsistencies	O
as	O
to	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
use	O
and	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
between	O
epidemiologic	O
studies	O
might	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
brew.	O

objective:	O
we	O
studied	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
unfiltered	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
putative	O
biomarkers	O
for	O
colonic	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk.	O
.	O

garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
cancer	B-disease
prevention:	O
meta-analyses	O
of	O
colorectal	O
and	O
stomach	O
cancer	B-disease
s.	O
.	O

garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
cancer	O
prevention:	O
meta-analyses	O
of	O
colorectal	B-disease
and	I-disease
stomach	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O
.	O

garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
cancer	O
prevention:	O
meta-analyses	O
of	O
colorectal	O
and	O
stomach	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

objective:	O
the	O
objective	O
was	O
to	O
conduct	O
meta-analyses	O
of	O
the	O
epidemiologic	O
literature	O
on	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach,	B-disease
colon,	I-disease
head	I-disease
and	I-disease
neck,	I-disease
lung,	I-disease
breast,	I-disease
and	I-disease
prostate	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

objective:	O
the	O
objective	O
was	O
to	O
conduct	O
meta-analyses	O
of	O
the	O
epidemiologic	O
literature	O
on	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach,	O
colon,	O
head	O
and	O
neck,	O
lung,	O
breast,	O
and	O
prostate	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

objective:	O
the	O
objective	O
was	O
to	O
conduct	O
meta-analyses	O
of	O
the	O
epidemiologic	O
literature	O
on	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach,	O
colon,	O
head	O
and	O
neck,	O
lung,	O
breast,	B-disease
and	I-disease
prostate	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

objective:	O
the	O
objective	O
was	O
to	O
conduct	O
meta-analyses	O
of	O
the	O
epidemiologic	O
literature	O
on	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach,	O
colon,	O
head	O
and	O
neck,	O
lung,	B-disease
breast,	I-disease
and	I-disease
prostate	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

objective:	O
the	O
objective	O
was	O
to	O
conduct	O
meta-analyses	O
of	O
the	O
epidemiologic	O
literature	O
on	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach,	O
colon,	O
head	B-disease
and	I-disease
neck,	I-disease
lung,	I-disease
breast,	I-disease
and	I-disease
prostate	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

objective:	O
the	O
objective	O
was	O
to	O
conduct	O
meta-analyses	O
of	O
the	O
epidemiologic	O
literature	O
on	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach,	O
colon,	B-disease
head	I-disease
and	I-disease
neck,	I-disease
lung,	I-disease
breast,	I-disease
and	I-disease
prostate	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

design:	O
meta-analyses	O
were	O
conducted	O
for	O
all	O
cancers	B-disease
mutually	O
and	O
separately	O
for	O
colorectal	O
and	O
stomach	O
cancers	B-disease
in	O
relation	O
to	O
consumption	O
of	O
exclusively	O
raw	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
cooked	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
or	O
both	O
(rc	O
garlic	B-plant
).	O

design:	O
meta-analyses	O
were	O
conducted	O
for	O
all	O
cancers	O
mutually	O
and	O
separately	O
for	O
colorectal	B-disease
and	I-disease
stomach	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
in	O
relation	O
to	O
consumption	O
of	O
exclusively	O
raw	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
cooked	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
or	O
both	O
(rc	O
garlic	B-plant
).	O

design:	O
meta-analyses	O
were	O
conducted	O
for	O
all	O
cancers	O
mutually	O
and	O
separately	O
for	O
colorectal	O
and	O
stomach	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
in	O
relation	O
to	O
consumption	O
of	O
exclusively	O
raw	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
cooked	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
or	O
both	O
(rc	O
garlic	B-plant
).	O

design:	O
meta-analyses	O
were	O
conducted	O
for	O
all	O
cancers	B-disease
mutually	O
and	O
separately	O
for	O
colorectal	O
and	O
stomach	O
cancers	B-disease
in	O
relation	O
to	O
consumption	O
of	O
exclusively	O
raw	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
cooked	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
or	O
both	O
(rc	O
garlic	B-plant
).	O

design:	O
meta-analyses	O
were	O
conducted	O
for	O
all	O
cancers	O
mutually	O
and	O
separately	O
for	O
colorectal	B-disease
and	I-disease
stomach	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
in	O
relation	O
to	O
consumption	O
of	O
exclusively	O
raw	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
cooked	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
or	O
both	O
(rc	O
garlic	B-plant
).	O

design:	O
meta-analyses	O
were	O
conducted	O
for	O
all	O
cancers	O
mutually	O
and	O
separately	O
for	O
colorectal	O
and	O
stomach	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
in	O
relation	O
to	O
consumption	O
of	O
exclusively	O
raw	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
cooked	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
or	O
both	O
(rc	O
garlic	B-plant
).	O

design:	O
meta-analyses	O
were	O
conducted	O
for	O
all	O
cancers	B-disease
mutually	O
and	O
separately	O
for	O
colorectal	O
and	O
stomach	O
cancers	B-disease
in	O
relation	O
to	O
consumption	O
of	O
exclusively	O
raw	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
cooked	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
or	O
both	O
(rc	O
garlic	B-plant
).	O

design:	O
meta-analyses	O
were	O
conducted	O
for	O
all	O
cancers	O
mutually	O
and	O
separately	O
for	O
colorectal	B-disease
and	I-disease
stomach	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
in	O
relation	O
to	O
consumption	O
of	O
exclusively	O
raw	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
cooked	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
or	O
both	O
(rc	O
garlic	B-plant
).	O

design:	O
meta-analyses	O
were	O
conducted	O
for	O
all	O
cancers	O
mutually	O
and	O
separately	O
for	O
colorectal	O
and	O
stomach	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
in	O
relation	O
to	O
consumption	O
of	O
exclusively	O
raw	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
cooked	O
garlic	B-plant
,	O
or	O
both	O
(rc	O
garlic	B-plant
).	O

eighteen	O
studies	O
reported	O
a	O
relative	O
risk	O
estimate	O
for	O
rc	O
garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
cancer	B-disease
risk.	O

the	O
random-effects	O
relative	O
risk	O
(rr)	O
estimate	O
of	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
rc	O
garlic	B-plant
consumption,	O
excluding	O
garlic	B-plant
supplements,	O
was	O
0.69	O
(95%	O
ci:	O
0.55,	O
0.89).	O

the	O
random-effects	O
relative	O
risk	O
(rr)	O
estimate	O
of	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
rc	O
garlic	B-plant
consumption,	O
excluding	O
garlic	B-plant
supplements,	O
was	O
0.69	O
(95%	O
ci:	O
0.55,	O
0.89).	O

an	O
indication	O
of	O
publication	O
bias	O
for	O
all	O
cancers	B-disease
combined	O
is	O
evident	O
from	O
a	O
funnel	O
plot	O
of	O
rc	O
garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
cancer	O
risk	O
and	O
from	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
the	O
begg	O
and	O
mazumdar	O
test	O
(p:	O
=	O
0.049).	O

an	O
indication	O
of	O
publication	O
bias	O
for	O
all	O
cancer	B-disease
s	O
combined	O
is	O
evident	O
from	O
a	O
funnel	O
plot	O
of	O
rc	O
garlic	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
cancer	B-disease
risk	O
and	O
from	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
the	O
begg	O
and	O
mazumdar	O
test	O
(p:	O
=	O
0.049).	O

conclusions:	O
high	O
intake	O
of	O
rc	O
garlic	B-plant
may	O
be	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
against	O
stomach	O
and	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

conclusions:	O
high	O
intake	O
of	O
rc	O
garlic	B-plant
may	O
be	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
against	O
stomach	B-disease
and	I-disease
colorectal	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

in	O
animal	O
models,	O
cow\'s	O
milk	O
proteins	O
are	O
modestly	O
and	O
variably	O
diabetogenic,	O
wheat	B-plant
or	O
soybean	O
proteins	O
in	O
the	O
diet	O
cause	O
higher	O
rates	O
of	O
autoimmune	B-disease
diabetes	I-disease
.	O

in	O
animal	O
models,	O
cow\'s	O
milk	O
proteins	O
are	O
modestly	O
and	O
variably	O
diabetogenic	B-disease
,	O
wheat	B-plant
or	O
soybean	O
proteins	O
in	O
the	O
diet	O
cause	O
higher	O
rates	O
of	O
autoimmune	O
diabetes.	O

in	O
animal	O
models,	O
cow\'s	O
milk	O
proteins	O
are	O
modestly	O
and	O
variably	O
diabetogenic,	O
wheat	O
or	O
soybean	B-plant
proteins	O
in	O
the	O
diet	O
cause	O
higher	O
rates	O
of	O
autoimmune	B-disease
diabetes	I-disease
.	O

in	O
animal	O
models,	O
cow\'s	O
milk	O
proteins	O
are	O
modestly	O
and	O
variably	O
diabetogenic	B-disease
,	O
wheat	O
or	O
soybean	B-plant
proteins	O
in	O
the	O
diet	O
cause	O
higher	O
rates	O
of	O
autoimmune	O
diabetes.	O

association	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
with	O
gallbladder	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
was	O
recently	O
shown	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
symptomatic	O
gallbladder	B-disease
disease	I-disease
in	O
men.	O

the	O
authors	O
examined	O
the	O
relation	O
of	O
ultrasound-documented	O
gallbladder	B-disease
disease	I-disease
with	O
coffee	B-plant
drinking	O
in	O
13,938	O
adult	O
participants	O
in	O
the	O
third	O
national	O
health	O
and	O
nutrition	O
examination	O
survey,	O
1988-1994.	O

the	O
prevalence	O
of	O
total	O
gallbladder	B-disease
disease	I-disease
was	O
unrelated	O
to	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
in	O
either	O
men	O
or	O
women.	O

however,	O
among	O
women	O
a	O
decreased	O
prevalence	O
of	O
previously	O
diagnosed	O
gallbladder	B-disease
disease	I-disease
was	O
found	O
with	O
increasing	O
coffee	B-plant
drinking	O
(p	O
=	O
0.027).	O

these	O
findings	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
total	O
gallbladder	B-disease
disease	I-disease
,	O
although	O
coffee	B-plant
may	O
decrease	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
symptomatic	O
gallstones	O
in	O
women.	O

these	O
findings	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
total	O
gallbladder	O
disease,	O
although	O
coffee	B-plant
may	O
decrease	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
symptomatic	O
gallstones	B-disease
in	O
women.	O

these	O
findings	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
total	O
gallbladder	B-disease
disease	I-disease
,	O
although	O
coffee	B-plant
may	O
decrease	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
symptomatic	O
gallstones	O
in	O
women.	O

these	O
findings	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
total	O
gallbladder	O
disease,	O
although	O
coffee	B-plant
may	O
decrease	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
symptomatic	O
gallstones	B-disease
in	O
women.	O

mutational	O
hotspots	O
within	O
the	O
p53	O
gene,	O
e.g.,	O
codon	O
157,	O
have	O
been	O
identified	O
for	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
whereas	O
these	O
same	O
mutations	O
are	O
found	O
rarely	O
in	O
other	O
cancers.	O

mutational	O
hotspots	O
within	O
the	O
p53	O
gene,	O
e.g.,	O
codon	O
157,	O
have	O
been	O
identified	O
for	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
lung	O
cancer,	O
whereas	O
these	O
same	O
mutations	O
are	O
found	O
rarely	O
in	O
other	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

because	O
limited	O
data	O
exist	O
concerning	O
the	O
p53	O
mutation	O
frequency	O
and	O
spectra	O
in	O
ex-smokers	O
and	O
nonsmokers,	O
we	O
have	O
analyzed	O
p53	O
and	O
k-ras	O
mutations	O
in	O
126	O
lung	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
from	O
a	O
population-based	O
case-control	O
study	O
of	O
nonsmoking	O
(n	O
=	O
117)	O
or	O
ex-smoking	O
(n	O
=	O
9)	O
women	O
from	O
missouri	O
with	O
quantitative	O
assessments	O
of	O
exposure	O
to	O
environmental	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke.	O

such	O
comparisons	O
provide	O
additional	O
evidence	O
of	O
genetic	O
damage	O
caused	O
by	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
during	O
lung	B-disease
carcinogenesis	I-disease
.	O

background:	O
the	O
goals	O
for	O
health	O
project	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
cancer	B-disease
-related	O
behaviors	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
and	O
dietary	O
fat	O
and	O
fiber	O
consumption.	O

a	O
low	O
familial	O
income	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
were	O
associated	O
with	O
wheezing,	O
asthma	B-disease
,	O
chronic	O
bronchitis	O
and	O
emphysema.	O

a	O
low	O
familial	O
income	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
were	O
associated	O
with	O
wheezing,	O
asthma,	O
chronic	O
bronchitis	O
and	O
emphysema	B-disease
.	O

a	O
low	O
familial	O
income	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
were	O
associated	O
with	O
wheezing	B-disease
,	O
asthma,	O
chronic	O
bronchitis	O
and	O
emphysema.	O

a	O
low	O
familial	O
income	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
were	O
associated	O
with	O
wheezing,	O
asthma,	O
chronic	O
bronchitis	B-disease
and	O
emphysema.	O

this	O
study	O
emphasizes	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
reducing	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
in	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
chronic	O
respiratory	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
.	O

suppressive	O
effect	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
on	O
lipopolysaccharide-induced	O
hepatitis	B-disease
in	O
d-galactosamine-sensitized	O
rats.	O

a	O
coffee	B-plant
extract	O
significantly	O
suppressed	O
lipopolysaccharide	O
(lps)-induced	O
hepatitis	B-disease
in	O
d-galactosamine-sensitized	O
rats,	O
as	O
assessed	O
by	O
the	O
plasma	O
alanine	O
and	O
aspartate	O
aminotransferase	O
activities,	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
diet	O
(30	O
g/kg)	O
and	O
fed	O
to	O
rats	O
for	O
14	O
days.	O

the	O
coffee	B-plant
extract	O
suppressed	O
lps-induced	O
hepatitis	B-disease
when	O
singly	O
force-fed	O
(1.2	O
g/kg)	O
1.5	O
h	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
injection	O
of	O
the	O
drugs,	O
whereas	O
a	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
extract	O
had	O
no	O
significant	O
effect.	O

the	O
coffee	B-plant
extract	O
suppressed	O
lps-induced	O
hepatitis	B-disease
when	O
singly	O
force-fed	O
(1.2	O
g/kg)	O
1.5	O
h	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
injection	O
of	O
the	O
drugs,	O
whereas	O
a	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
extract	O
had	O
no	O
significant	O
effect.	O

these	O
results	O
indicate	O
that	O
coffee	B-plant
can	O
protect	O
animals	O
from	O
lps-induced	O
hepatitis	B-disease
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
might	O
be	O
mainly	O
due	O
to	O
caffeine.	O

these	O
results	O
indicate	O
that	O
coffee	B-plant
can	O
protect	O
animals	O
from	O
lps-induced	O
hepatitis	B-disease
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
might	O
be	O
mainly	O
due	O
to	O
caffeine.	O

for	O
females,	O
in	O
contrast,	O
both	O
the	O
absolute	O
number	O
of	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
deaths	O
and	O
the	O
age-standardized	O
rate	O
of	O
7.9/100,000	O
were	O
among	O
the	O
highest	O
values	O
ever	O
registered,	O
reflecting	O
the	O
different	O
pattern	O
of	O
spread	O
of	O
the	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
epidemic	O
in	O
the	O
two	O
sexes.	O

for	O
females,	O
in	O
contrast,	O
both	O
the	O
absolute	O
number	O
of	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
deaths	O
and	O
the	O
age-standardized	O
rate	O
of	O
7.9/100,000	O
were	O
among	O
the	O
highest	O
values	O
ever	O
registered,	O
reflecting	O
the	O
different	O
pattern	O
of	O
spread	O
of	O
the	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
epidemic	O
in	O
the	O
two	O
sexes.	O

among	O
neoplasms	B-disease
showing	O
favorable	O
trends,	O
there	O
were	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
neoplasms	B-disease
in	O
men,	O
plus	O
the	O
continuing	O
fall	O
in	O
stomach	O
and	O
cervix	O
uteri.	O

among	O
neoplasms	B-disease
showing	O
favorable	O
trends,	O
there	O
were	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
neoplasms	B-disease
in	O
men,	O
plus	O
the	O
continuing	O
fall	O
in	O
stomach	O
and	O
cervix	O
uteri.	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
fall	O
in	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
observed	O
over	O
the	O
last	O
decade	O
in	O
italy	O
is	O
attributable	O
to	O
a	O
decline	O
in	O
lung	O
and	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
neoplasms	O
in	O
males,	O
together	O
with	O
a	O
persistent	O
fall	O
in	O
stomach	O
and	O
uterine	O
(cervical)	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
fall	O
in	O
cancer	O
mortality	O
observed	O
over	O
the	O
last	O
decade	O
in	O
italy	O
is	O
attributable	O
to	O
a	O
decline	O
in	O
lung	O
and	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
neoplasms	B-disease
in	O
males,	O
together	O
with	O
a	O
persistent	O
fall	O
in	O
stomach	O
and	O
uterine	O
(cervical)	O
cancer.	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
fall	O
in	O
cancer	O
mortality	O
observed	O
over	O
the	O
last	O
decade	O
in	O
italy	O
is	O
attributable	O
to	O
a	O
decline	O
in	O
lung	O
and	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
neoplasms	O
in	O
males,	O
together	O
with	O
a	O
persistent	O
fall	O
in	O
stomach	B-disease
and	I-disease
uterine	I-disease
(cervical)	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
fall	O
in	O
cancer	O
mortality	O
observed	O
over	O
the	O
last	O
decade	O
in	O
italy	O
is	O
attributable	O
to	O
a	O
decline	O
in	O
lung	O
and	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
neoplasms	O
in	O
males,	O
together	O
with	O
a	O
persistent	O
fall	O
in	O
stomach	O
and	O
uterine	B-disease
(cervical)	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

[mortality	O
trends	O
in	O
cancer	B-disease
attributable	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
in	O
mexico].	O

objective:	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
mortality	O
trends	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
attributable	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking,	O
particularly	O
lung	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
for	O
the	O
1980-1997	O
period	O
in	O
mexico.	O

objective:	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
mortality	O
trends	O
of	O
cancer	O
attributable	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking,	O
particularly	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
for	O
the	O
1980-1997	O
period	O
in	O
mexico.	O

material	O
and	O
methods:	O
mortality	O
trends	O
were	O
analyzed	O
for	O
each	O
type	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
associated	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
international	O
classification	O
of	O
diseases	O
(icd).	O

the	O
gender	O
ratio	O
for	O
laryngeal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
was	O
striking:	O
4.21:1.00,	O
probably	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
higher	O
prevalence	O
of	O
male	O
tobacco	B-plant
smokers.	O

previous	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
was	O
correlated	O
with	O
the	O
mortality	O
rate	O
trends	O
for	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
(beta:	O
0.910,	O
ic	O
95%:	O
1.097-1.797,	O
r2	O
0.827).	O

conclusions:	O
in	O
mexico,	O
increased	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking,	O
improved	O
cancer	B-disease
diagnosis,	O
and	O
the	O
demographic	O
transition,	O
are	O
probably	O
the	O
main	O
factors	O
determining	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
rates.	O

conclusions:	O
in	O
mexico,	O
increased	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking,	O
improved	O
cancer	B-disease
diagnosis,	O
and	O
the	O
demographic	O
transition,	O
are	O
probably	O
the	O
main	O
factors	O
determining	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
rates.	O

although	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
is	O
a	O
fast-growing	O
public	O
health	O
problem	O
having	O
a	O
poor	O
prognosis,	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking,	O
the	O
main	O
risk	O
factor,	O
could	O
be	O
eliminated	O
by	O
health	O
education	O
and	O
promotion,	O
together	O
with	O
publicity	O
regulation	O
and	O
healthy	O
taxation	O
policies.	O

although	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
is	O
a	O
fast-growing	O
public	O
health	O
problem	O
having	O
a	O
poor	O
prognosis,	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking,	O
the	O
main	O
risk	O
factor,	O
could	O
be	O
eliminated	O
by	O
health	O
education	O
and	O
promotion,	O
together	O
with	O
publicity	O
regulation	O
and	O
healthy	O
taxation	O
policies.	O

inhibition	O
of	O
7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene	O
(dmba)-induced	O
oral	B-disease
carcinogenesis	I-disease
in	O
hamsters	O
by	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
we	O
studied	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin	O
on	O
7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene	O
(dmba)-induced	O
oral	B-disease
carcinogenesis	I-disease
in	O
hamsters.	O

the	O
combination	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin	O
significantly	O
decreased	O
the	O
oral	O
visible	O
tumor	B-disease
incidence	O
from	O
92.3%	O
(24/26)	O
to	O
69.2%	O
(18/26)	O
and	O
the	O
squamous	O
cell	O
carcinoma	O
(scc)	O
incidence	O
from	O
76.9%	O
(20/26)	O
to	O
42.3%	O
(11/26).	O

the	O
combination	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin	O
significantly	O
decreased	O
the	O
oral	O
visible	O
tumor	O
incidence	O
from	O
92.3%	O
(24/26)	O
to	O
69.2%	O
(18/26)	O
and	O
the	O
squamous	B-disease
cell	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
(scc)	O
incidence	O
from	O
76.9%	O
(20/26)	O
to	O
42.3%	O
(11/26).	O

the	O
combination	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin	O
significantly	O
decreased	O
the	O
oral	O
visible	O
tumor	O
incidence	O
from	O
92.3%	O
(24/26)	O
to	O
69.2%	O
(18/26)	O
and	O
the	O
squamous	O
cell	O
carcinoma	O
(	O
scc	B-disease
)	O
incidence	O
from	O
76.9%	O
(20/26)	O
to	O
42.3%	O
(11/26).	O

the	O
combination	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin	O
also	O
decreased	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
visible	O
tumor	B-disease
s	O
and	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
volume	O
by	O
52.4	O
and	O
69.8%,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
numbers	O
of	O
scc,	O
dysplasic	O
lesions	O
and	O
papillomas	O
by	O
62.0,	O
37.5	O
and	O
48.7%,	O
respectively.	O

the	O
combination	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin	O
also	O
decreased	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
visible	O
tumors	O
and	O
the	O
tumor	O
volume	O
by	O
52.4	O
and	O
69.8%,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
numbers	O
of	O
scc,	O
dysplasic	O
lesions	O
and	O
papillomas	B-disease
by	O
62.0,	O
37.5	O
and	O
48.7%,	O
respectively.	O

the	O
combination	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin	O
also	O
decreased	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
visible	O
tumors	O
and	O
the	O
tumor	O
volume	O
by	O
52.4	O
and	O
69.8%,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
numbers	O
of	O
scc	B-disease
,	O
dysplasic	O
lesions	O
and	O
papillomas	O
by	O
62.0,	O
37.5	O
and	O
48.7%,	O
respectively.	O

the	O
combination	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin	O
also	O
decreased	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
visible	O
tumors	O
and	O
the	O
tumor	O
volume	O
by	O
52.4	O
and	O
69.8%,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
numbers	O
of	O
scc,	O
dysplasic	B-disease
lesions	I-disease
and	O
papillomas	O
by	O
62.0,	O
37.5	O
and	O
48.7%,	O
respectively.	O

the	O
combination	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin	O
also	O
decreased	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
visible	O
tumors	B-disease
and	O
the	O
tumor	O
volume	O
by	O
52.4	O
and	O
69.8%,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
numbers	O
of	O
scc,	O
dysplasic	O
lesions	O
and	O
papillomas	O
by	O
62.0,	O
37.5	O
and	O
48.7%,	O
respectively.	O
.	O

green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
or	O
curcumin	O
treatment	O
decreased	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
visible	O
tumor	B-disease
s	O
by	O
35.1	O
or	O
39.6%,	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
volume	O
by	O
41.6	O
or	O
61.3%	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
scc	O
by	O
53.3	O
or	O
51.3%,	O
respectively.	O
.	O

green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
or	O
curcumin	O
treatment	O
decreased	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
visible	O
tumors	B-disease
by	O
35.1	O
or	O
39.6%,	O
the	O
tumor	O
volume	O
by	O
41.6	O
or	O
61.3%	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
scc	O
by	O
53.3	O
or	O
51.3%,	O
respectively.	O
.	O

green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
or	O
curcumin	O
treatment	O
decreased	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
visible	O
tumors	O
by	O
35.1	O
or	O
39.6%,	O
the	O
tumor	O
volume	O
by	O
41.6	O
or	O
61.3%	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
scc	B-disease
by	O
53.3	O
or	O
51.3%,	O
respectively.	O
.	O

green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
also	O
decreased	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
dysplasic	B-disease
lesions	I-disease
.	O
.	O

tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin,	O
singly	O
or	O
in	O
combination,	O
decreased	O
the	O
proliferation	O
index	O
in	O
hyperplasia,	O
dysplasia	O
and	O
papillomas	B-disease
.	O
.	O

tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin,	O
singly	O
or	O
in	O
combination,	O
decreased	O
the	O
proliferation	O
index	O
in	O
hyperplasia	B-disease
,	O
dysplasia	O
and	O
papillomas.	O
.	O

tea	B-plant
and	O
curcumin,	O
singly	O
or	O
in	O
combination,	O
decreased	O
the	O
proliferation	O
index	O
in	O
hyperplasia,	O
dysplasia	B-disease
and	O
papillomas.	O
.	O

tea	B-plant
alone	O
and	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
curcumin	O
significantly	O
increased	O
the	O
apoptotic	O
index	O
in	O
dysplasia	B-disease
and	O
scc.	O
.	O

tea	B-plant
alone	O
and	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
curcumin	O
significantly	O
increased	O
the	O
apoptotic	O
index	O
in	O
dysplasia	O
and	O
scc	B-disease
.	O

curcumin,	O
alone	O
and	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
tea	B-plant
,	O
significantly	O
inhibited	O
the	O
angiogenesis	O
in	O
papilloma	B-disease
and	O
scc.	O

curcumin,	O
alone	O
and	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
tea	B-plant
,	O
significantly	O
inhibited	O
the	O
angiogenesis	O
in	O
papilloma	O
and	O
scc	B-disease
.	O

the	O
results	O
suggested	O
that	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
and	O
curcumin	O
had	O
inhibitory	O
effects	O
against	O
oral	B-disease
carcinogenesis	I-disease
at	O
the	O
post-initiation	O
stage	O
and	O
such	O
inhibition	O
may	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
suppression	O
of	O
cell	O
proliferation,	O
induction	O
of	O
apoptosis	O
and	O
inhibition	O
of	O
angiogenesis.	O

the	O
present	O
study	O
examines	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
on	O
the	O
expression	O
of	O
cyclooxygenase	O
(cox)-2	O
gene,	O
cox	O
enzymatic	O
activity	O
and	O
prostaglandin	O
(pg)	O
synthesis	O
in	O
urothelial	O
mucosal	O
tissues	O
from	O
patients	O
with	O
bladder	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
from	O
normal	O
individuals.	O

cigarette	O
smoking,	O
use	O
of	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
products	O
and	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
mortality	O
in	O
us	O
adults:	O
the	O
cancer	O
prevention	O
study	O
ii.	O

cigarette	O
smoking,	O
use	O
of	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
products	O
and	O
stomach	O
cancer	O
mortality	O
in	O
us	O
adults:	O
the	O
cancer	B-disease
prevention	O
study	O
ii.	O

cigarette	O
smoking	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
increased	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
many	O
studies	O
but	O
there	O
are	O
limited	O
data	O
on	O
this	O
relationship	O
in	O
women	O
and	O
on	O
risk	O
associated	O
with	O
use	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
products	O
other	O
than	O
cigarettes.	O

we	O
examined	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
death	O
rates	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
cigarette	O
smoking	O
in	O
women	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
cigarette,	O
cigar,	O
pipe,	O
or	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
in	O
men	O
in	O
a	O
nationwide	O
prospective	O
mortality	O
study	O
in	O
the	O
united	O
states	O
(us).	O

if	O
causal,	O
the	O
estimated	O
proportion	O
of	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
deaths	O
attributable	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
would	O
be	O
28%	O
in	O
us	O
men	O
and	O
14%	O
in	O
women.	O

we	O
conclude	O
that	O
prolonged	O
use	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
products	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
increased	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
mortality	O
in	O
men	O
and	O
women.	O

the	O
accumulated	O
evidence	O
from	O
this	O
and	O
other	O
studies	O
support	O
reconsidering	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
as	O
a	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer.	O

the	O
accumulated	O
evidence	O
from	O
this	O
and	O
other	O
studies	O
support	O
reconsidering	O
stomach	O
cancer	B-disease
as	O
a	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

on	O
the	O
other	O
hand,	O
high	O
intake	O
of	O
nonhydrogenated	O
soybean	B-plant
cooking	O
oil	O
was	O
related	O
to	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
among	O
women	O
who	O
never	O
deep-fried	O
animal	O
foods	O
(odds	O
ratio,	O
0.48;	O
95%	O
confidence	O
interval,	O
0.28-0.82	O
for	O
the	O
highest	O
versus	O
the	O
lowest	O
quintile;	O
p	O
for	O
trend,	O
0.02).	O

this	O
study	O
also	O
suggests	O
that	O
nonhydrogenated	O
soybean	B-plant
oil,	O
if	O
not	O
used	O
in	O
high-temperature	O
cooking,	O
may	O
be	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
carcinogens,	O
dna	O
damage	O
and	O
p53	O
mutations	O
in	O
smoking-associated	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

it	O
is	O
estimated	O
that	O
cigarette	O
smoking	O
kills	O
over	O
1	O
000	O
000	O
people	O
each	O
year	O
by	O
causing	O
lung	O
cancer	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
many	O
other	O
neoplasmas	B-disease
.	O
p53	O
mutations	O
are	O
frequent	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	O
and	O
the	O
mutation	O
load	O
is	O
often	O
higher	O
in	O
cancers	O
from	O
smokers	O
than	O
from	O
nonsmokers.	O

it	O
is	O
estimated	O
that	O
cigarette	O
smoking	O
kills	O
over	O
1	O
000	O
000	O
people	O
each	O
year	O
by	O
causing	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
as	O
well	O
as	O
many	O
other	O
neoplasmas.	O
p53	O
mutations	O
are	O
frequent	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	O
and	O
the	O
mutation	O
load	O
is	O
often	O
higher	O
in	O
cancers	O
from	O
smokers	O
than	O
from	O
nonsmokers.	O

it	O
is	O
estimated	O
that	O
cigarette	O
smoking	O
kills	O
over	O
1	O
000	O
000	O
people	O
each	O
year	O
by	O
causing	O
lung	O
cancer	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
many	O
other	O
neoplasmas.	O
p53	O
mutations	O
are	O
frequent	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
and	O
the	O
mutation	O
load	O
is	O
often	O
higher	O
in	O
cancers	B-disease
from	O
smokers	O
than	O
from	O
nonsmokers.	O

it	O
is	O
estimated	O
that	O
cigarette	O
smoking	O
kills	O
over	O
1	O
000	O
000	O
people	O
each	O
year	O
by	O
causing	O
lung	O
cancer	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
many	O
other	O
neoplasmas.	O
p53	O
mutations	O
are	O
frequent	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
and	O
the	O
mutation	O
load	O
is	O
often	O
higher	O
in	O
cancers	B-disease
from	O
smokers	O
than	O
from	O
nonsmokers.	O

at	O
several	O
p53	O
mutational	O
hotspots	O
common	O
to	O
all	O
cancers	B-disease
,	O
such	O
as	O
codons	O
248	O
and	O
273,	O
a	O
large	O
fraction	O
of	O
the	O
mutations	O
are	O
g	O
to	O
t	O
events	O
in	O
lung	O
cancers	B-disease
but	O
are	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
g	O
to	O
a	O
transitions	O
in	O
non-	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

at	O
several	O
p53	O
mutational	O
hotspots	O
common	O
to	O
all	O
cancers,	O
such	O
as	O
codons	O
248	O
and	O
273,	O
a	O
large	O
fraction	O
of	O
the	O
mutations	O
are	O
g	O
to	O
t	O
events	O
in	O
lung	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
but	O
are	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
g	O
to	O
a	O
transitions	O
in	O
non-	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers.	O

at	O
several	O
p53	O
mutational	O
hotspots	O
common	O
to	O
all	O
cancers	B-disease
,	O
such	O
as	O
codons	O
248	O
and	O
273,	O
a	O
large	O
fraction	O
of	O
the	O
mutations	O
are	O
g	O
to	O
t	O
events	O
in	O
lung	O
cancers	B-disease
but	O
are	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
g	O
to	O
a	O
transitions	O
in	O
non-	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

patients	O
with	O
anaphylaxis	O
to	O
pea	B-plant
can	O
have	O
pea	B-plant
nut	O
allergy	O
caused	O
by	O
cross-reactive	O
ige	O
to	O
vicilin	O
(ara	O
h	O
1).	O

in	O
this	O
study	O
3	O
patients	O
with	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
anaphylaxis	B-disease
to	O
pea	B-plant
are	O
described	O
who	O
subsequently	O
had	O
symptoms	O
after	O
ingestion	O
of	O
pea	B-plant
nut.	O

in	O
this	O
study	O
3	O
patients	O
with	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
anaphylaxis	B-disease
to	O
pea	O
are	O
described	O
who	O
subsequently	O
had	O
symptoms	O
after	O
ingestion	O
of	O
peanut	B-plant
.	O

results:	O
peanut	B-plant
-related	O
symptoms	O
consisted	O
of	O
oral	O
symptoms	O
in	O
all	O
patients,	O
with	O
additional	O
urticaria	B-disease
and	O
dyspnea	O
or	O
angioedema	O
in	O
2	O
patients.	O

results:	O
peanut	B-plant
-related	O
symptoms	O
consisted	O
of	O
oral	O
symptoms	O
in	O
all	O
patients,	O
with	O
additional	O
urticaria	O
and	O
dyspnea	B-disease
or	O
angioedema	O
in	O
2	O
patients.	O

results:	O
peanut	B-plant
-related	O
symptoms	O
consisted	O
of	O
oral	O
symptoms	O
in	O
all	O
patients,	O
with	O
additional	O
urticaria	O
and	O
dyspnea	O
or	O
angioedema	B-disease
in	O
2	O
patients.	O

results:	O
seven	O
patients	O
had	O
true	O
juxta-anastomotic	O
aneurysms	B-disease
(>	O
40	O
mm)	O
in	O
the	O
residual	O
infra-renal	O
abdominal	O
aorta,	O
the	O
occurrence	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
and	O
hypertension.	O

results:	O
seven	O
patients	O
had	O
true	O
juxta-anastomotic	O
aneurysms	O
(>	O
40	O
mm)	O
in	O
the	O
residual	O
infra-renal	O
abdominal	O
aorta,	O
the	O
occurrence	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
and	O
hypertension	B-disease
.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
and	O
hypertension	B-disease
are	O
significant	O
factors	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
these	O
aneurysms.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
and	O
hypertension	O
are	O
significant	O
factors	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
these	O
aneurysms	B-disease
.	O

conversely,	O
soy	B-plant
beverage	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
an	O
increased	O
risk	O
of	O
current	O
asthma	B-disease
(2.05;	O
1.19,	O
3.53),	O
doctor-diagnosed	O
asthma	B-disease
(1.69;	O
1.04,	O
2.77),	O
and	O
bhr	O
(1.65;	O
1.00,	O
2.71).	O

conversely,	O
soy	B-plant
beverage	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
an	O
increased	O
risk	O
of	O
current	O
asthma	B-disease
(2.05;	O
1.19,	O
3.53),	O
doctor-diagnosed	O
asthma	B-disease
(1.69;	O
1.04,	O
2.77),	O
and	O
bhr	O
(1.65;	O
1.00,	O
2.71).	O

conversely,	O
soy	B-plant
beverage	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
an	O
increased	O
risk	O
of	O
current	O
asthma	O
(2.05;	O
1.19,	O
3.53),	O
doctor-diagnosed	O
asthma	O
(1.69;	O
1.04,	O
2.77),	O
and	O
bhr	B-disease
(1.65;	O
1.00,	O
2.71).	O

apples	O
and	O
pears	B-plant
appeared	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
current	O
asthma	B-disease
(0.83;	O
0.71,	O
0.98),	O
asthma	B-disease
(0.88;	O
0.78,	O
1.00),	O
and	O
bhr	O
(0.88;	O
0.77,	O
1.00).	O

apples	O
and	O
pears	B-plant
appeared	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
current	O
asthma	B-disease
(0.83;	O
0.71,	O
0.98),	O
asthma	B-disease
(0.88;	O
0.78,	O
1.00),	O
and	O
bhr	O
(0.88;	O
0.77,	O
1.00).	O

apples	O
and	O
pears	B-plant
appeared	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
current	O
asthma	O
(0.83;	O
0.71,	O
0.98),	O
asthma	O
(0.88;	O
0.78,	O
1.00),	O
and	O
bhr	B-disease
(0.88;	O
0.77,	O
1.00).	O
.	O

apples	B-plant
and	O
pears	O
appeared	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
current	O
asthma	B-disease
(0.83;	O
0.71,	O
0.98),	O
asthma	B-disease
(0.88;	O
0.78,	O
1.00),	O
and	O
bhr	O
(0.88;	O
0.77,	O
1.00).	O
.	O

apples	B-plant
and	O
pears	O
appeared	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
current	O
asthma	B-disease
(0.83;	O
0.71,	O
0.98),	O
asthma	B-disease
(0.88;	O
0.78,	O
1.00),	O
and	O
bhr	O
(0.88;	O
0.77,	O
1.00).	O
.	O

apples	B-plant
and	O
pears	O
appeared	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
current	O
asthma	O
(0.83;	O
0.71,	O
0.98),	O
asthma	O
(0.88;	O
0.78,	O
1.00),	O
and	O
bhr	B-disease
(0.88;	O
0.77,	O
1.00).	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
consumption	O
of	O
dairy	O
products,	O
soy	O
beverages,	O
and	O
apples	O
and	O
pears	B-plant
,	O
but	O
not	O
of	O
nutrients	O
per	O
se,	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
asthma	B-disease
definitions.	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
consumption	O
of	O
dairy	O
products,	O
soy	O
beverages,	O
and	O
apples	B-plant
and	O
pears,	O
but	O
not	O
of	O
nutrients	O
per	O
se,	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
asthma	B-disease
definitions.	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
consumption	O
of	O
dairy	O
products,	O
soy	B-plant
beverages,	O
and	O
apples	O
and	O
pears,	O
but	O
not	O
of	O
nutrients	O
per	O
se,	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
asthma	B-disease
definitions.	O

the	O
herbal	O
medicine	O
dipsacus	B-plant
asper	I-plant
wall	O
extract	O
reduces	O
the	O
cognitive	B-disease
deficits	I-disease
and	O
overexpression	O
of	O
beta-amyloid	O
protein	O
induced	O
by	O
aluminum	O
exposure.	O

in	O
the	O
present	O
study,	O
we	O
sought	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
protective	O
effects	O
of	O
the	O
herbal	O
medicine	O
dipsacus	B-plant
asper	I-plant
extract	O
against	O
the	O
cognitive	B-disease
impairment	I-disease
and	O
overexpression	O
of	O
hippocampal	O
beta-amyloid	O
protein	O
(abeta)	O
induced	O
by	O
chronic	O
al	O
exposure	O
in	O
rats.	O

the	O
present	O
results	O
suggest	O
that	O
dipsacus	B-plant
asper	I-plant
extract	O
may	O
possess	O
therapeutic	O
effects	O
against	O
alzheimer\'s	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

since	O
the	O
increasing	O
epidemic	B-disease
of	I-disease
lung	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
(in	O
men),	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers,	O
is	O
observed	O
in	O
portugal,	O
the	O
important	O
component	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
programme	O
should	O
be	O
a	O
nationwide	O
tobacco	B-plant
control	O
programme.	O

since	O
the	O
increasing	O
epidemic	O
of	O
lung	O
cancer	O
(in	O
men),	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
,	O
is	O
observed	O
in	O
portugal,	O
the	O
important	O
component	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
programme	O
should	O
be	O
a	O
nationwide	O
tobacco	B-plant
control	O
programme.	O

since	O
the	O
increasing	O
epidemic	B-disease
of	I-disease
lung	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
(in	O
men),	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers,	O
is	O
observed	O
in	O
portugal,	O
the	O
important	O
component	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
programme	O
should	O
be	O
a	O
nationwide	O
tobacco	B-plant
control	O
programme.	O

since	O
the	O
increasing	O
epidemic	O
of	O
lung	O
cancer	O
(in	O
men),	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
,	O
is	O
observed	O
in	O
portugal,	O
the	O
important	O
component	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
programme	O
should	O
be	O
a	O
nationwide	O
tobacco	B-plant
control	O
programme.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
rheumatoid	B-disease
arthritis	I-disease
.	O

objective:	O
recent	O
reports	O
have	O
suggested	O
an	O
association	O
between	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
or	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
rheumatoid	B-disease
arthritis	I-disease
(ra),	O
although	O
data	O
are	O
sparse	O
and	O
somewhat	O
inconsistent.	O

objective:	O
recent	O
reports	O
have	O
suggested	O
an	O
association	O
between	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
or	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
rheumatoid	O
arthritis	O
(	O
ra	B-disease
),	O
although	O
data	O
are	O
sparse	O
and	O
somewhat	O
inconsistent.	O

objective:	O
recent	O
reports	O
have	O
suggested	O
an	O
association	O
between	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
or	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
rheumatoid	B-disease
arthritis	I-disease
(ra),	O
although	O
data	O
are	O
sparse	O
and	O
somewhat	O
inconsistent.	O

objective:	O
recent	O
reports	O
have	O
suggested	O
an	O
association	O
between	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
or	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
rheumatoid	O
arthritis	O
(	O
ra	B-disease
),	O
although	O
data	O
are	O
sparse	O
and	O
somewhat	O
inconsistent.	O

we	O
studied	O
whether	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
total	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
tea,	O
or	O
overall	O
caffeine	O
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
ra	B-disease
,	O
using	O
the	O
nurses\'	O
health	O
study,	O
a	O
longitudinal	O
cohort	O
study	O
of	O
121,701	O
women.	O

we	O
studied	O
whether	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
total	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
tea,	O
or	O
overall	O
caffeine	O
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
ra	B-disease
,	O
using	O
the	O
nurses\'	O
health	O
study,	O
a	O
longitudinal	O
cohort	O
study	O
of	O
121,701	O
women.	O

we	O
studied	O
whether	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
total	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
tea,	O
or	O
overall	O
caffeine	O
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
ra	B-disease
,	O
using	O
the	O
nurses\'	O
health	O
study,	O
a	O
longitudinal	O
cohort	O
study	O
of	O
121,701	O
women.	O

we	O
studied	O
whether	O
coffee,	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee,	O
total	O
coffee,	O
tea	B-plant
,	O
or	O
overall	O
caffeine	O
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
ra	B-disease
,	O
using	O
the	O
nurses\'	O
health	O
study,	O
a	O
longitudinal	O
cohort	O
study	O
of	O
121,701	O
women.	O

results:	O
we	O
did	O
not	O
find	O
a	O
significant	O
association	O
between	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
of	O
>	O
/=4	O
cups/day	O
(compared	O
with	O
no	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption)	O
and	O
subsequent	O
risk	O
of	O
incident	O
ra	B-disease
,	O
in	O
either	O
an	O
adjusted	O
multivariate	O
model	O
(relative	O
risk	O
[rr]	O
1.1,	O
95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
[95%	O
ci]	O
0.5-2.2)	O
or	O
a	O
multivariate	O
model	O
using	O
only	O
baseline	O
reports	O
of	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
(rr	O
1.0,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.6-1.7).	O

results:	O
we	O
did	O
not	O
find	O
a	O
significant	O
association	O
between	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
of	O
>	O
/=4	O
cups/day	O
(compared	O
with	O
no	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption)	O
and	O
subsequent	O
risk	O
of	O
incident	O
ra	B-disease
,	O
in	O
either	O
an	O
adjusted	O
multivariate	O
model	O
(relative	O
risk	O
[rr]	O
1.1,	O
95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
[95%	O
ci]	O
0.5-2.2)	O
or	O
a	O
multivariate	O
model	O
using	O
only	O
baseline	O
reports	O
of	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
(rr	O
1.0,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.6-1.7).	O

results:	O
we	O
did	O
not	O
find	O
a	O
significant	O
association	O
between	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
of	O
>	O
/=4	O
cups/day	O
(compared	O
with	O
no	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption)	O
and	O
subsequent	O
risk	O
of	O
incident	O
ra	B-disease
,	O
in	O
either	O
an	O
adjusted	O
multivariate	O
model	O
(relative	O
risk	O
[rr]	O
1.1,	O
95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
[95%	O
ci]	O
0.5-2.2)	O
or	O
a	O
multivariate	O
model	O
using	O
only	O
baseline	O
reports	O
of	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
(rr	O
1.0,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.6-1.7).	O

similarly,	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
relationship	O
between	O
cumulative	O
caffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
ra	B-disease
risk	O
(rr	O
1.1,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.8-1.6	O
for	O
>	O
/=4	O
cups	O
per	O
day	O
versus	O
none)	O
or	O
between	O
tea	O
consumption	O
and	O
ra	B-disease
risk	O
(rr	O
1.1,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.7-1.8	O
for	O
>	O
3	O
cups/day	O
versus	O
none).	O

similarly,	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
relationship	O
between	O
cumulative	O
caffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
ra	B-disease
risk	O
(rr	O
1.1,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.8-1.6	O
for	O
>	O
/=4	O
cups	O
per	O
day	O
versus	O
none)	O
or	O
between	O
tea	O
consumption	O
and	O
ra	B-disease
risk	O
(rr	O
1.1,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.7-1.8	O
for	O
>	O
3	O
cups/day	O
versus	O
none).	O

similarly,	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
relationship	O
between	O
cumulative	O
caffeinated	O
coffee	O
consumption	O
and	O
ra	B-disease
risk	O
(rr	O
1.1,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.8-1.6	O
for	O
>	O
/=4	O
cups	O
per	O
day	O
versus	O
none)	O
or	O
between	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
ra	B-disease
risk	O
(rr	O
1.1,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.7-1.8	O
for	O
>	O
3	O
cups/day	O
versus	O
none).	O

similarly,	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
relationship	O
between	O
cumulative	O
caffeinated	O
coffee	O
consumption	O
and	O
ra	B-disease
risk	O
(rr	O
1.1,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.8-1.6	O
for	O
>	O
/=4	O
cups	O
per	O
day	O
versus	O
none)	O
or	O
between	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
ra	B-disease
risk	O
(rr	O
1.1,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.7-1.8	O
for	O
>	O
3	O
cups/day	O
versus	O
none).	O

total	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
total	O
caffeine	O
consumption	O
were	O
also	O
not	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
ra	B-disease
.	O

conclusion:	O
in	O
this	O
large,	O
prospective	O
study,	O
we	O
find	O
little	O
evidence	O
of	O
an	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
or	O
tea	O
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
ra	B-disease
among	O
women.	O

conclusion:	O
in	O
this	O
large,	O
prospective	O
study,	O
we	O
find	O
little	O
evidence	O
of	O
an	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
or	O
tea	O
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
ra	B-disease
among	O
women.	O

conclusion:	O
in	O
this	O
large,	O
prospective	O
study,	O
we	O
find	O
little	O
evidence	O
of	O
an	O
association	O
between	O
coffee,	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee,	O
or	O
tea	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
ra	B-disease
among	O
women.	O

while	O
alcohol	O
was	O
initially	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
risk	O
enhancer	O
only	O
in	O
smokers,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
now	O
shown	O
that	O
chronic	O
alcohol	O
consumption	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
head	B-disease
and	I-disease
neck	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
independently	O
of	O
exposure	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke.	O

the	O
study	O
was	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
community-based,	O
comprehensive	O
cross-sectional	O
study	O
designed	O
to	O
assess	O
a	O
broad	O
array	O
of	O
knowledge,	O
attitudes	O
and	O
behaviors	O
on	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
issues	O
in	O
the	O
target	O
multi-ethnic	O
and	O
multi-lingual	O
asian-american	O
community.	O

the	O
study	O
was	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
community-based,	O
comprehensive	O
cross-sectional	O
study	O
designed	O
to	O
assess	O
a	O
broad	O
array	O
of	O
knowledge,	O
attitudes	O
and	O
behaviors	O
on	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
issues	O
in	O
the	O
target	O
multi-ethnic	O
and	O
multi-lingual	O
asian-american	O
community.	O

increased	O
consumption	O
of	O
tomato	B-plant
products	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
decreased	O
risk	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

phase	O
ii	O
double-blind	O
randomized	O
study	O
comparing	O
oral	O
aloe	B-plant
vera	I-plant
versus	O
placebo	O
to	O
prevent	O
radiation-related	O
mucositis	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
head-and-neck	B-disease
neoplasms	I-disease
.	O

phase	O
ii	O
double-blind	O
randomized	O
study	O
comparing	O
oral	O
aloe	B-plant
vera	I-plant
versus	O
placebo	O
to	O
prevent	O
radiation-related	O
mucositis	B-disease
in	O
patients	O
with	O
head-and-neck	O
neoplasms.	O

purpose:	O
in	O
a	O
single-institution,	O
double-blind,	O
prospective,	O
randomized	O
trial,	O
we	O
determined	O
whether	O
oral	O
aloe	B-plant
vera	I-plant
gel	O
can	O
reduce	O
radiation-induced	O
mucositis	B-disease
in	O
head-and-neck	O
cancer	O
patients.	O

purpose:	O
in	O
a	O
single-institution,	O
double-blind,	O
prospective,	O
randomized	O
trial,	O
we	O
determined	O
whether	O
oral	O
aloe	B-plant
vera	I-plant
gel	O
can	O
reduce	O
radiation-induced	O
mucositis	O
in	O
head-and-neck	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
patients.	O

methods	O
and	O
materials:	O
we	O
randomized	O
58	O
head-and-neck	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
patients	O
between	O
oral	O
aloe	B-plant
vera	I-plant
and	O
placebo.	O

oral	O
aloe	B-plant
vera	I-plant
did	O
not	O
improve	O
tolerance	O
to	O
head-and-neck	O
radiotherapy,	O
decrease	O
mucositis	B-disease
,	O
reduce	O
soreness,	O
or	O
otherwise	O
improve	O
patient	O
well-being.	O

oral	O
aloe	B-plant
vera	I-plant
did	O
not	O
improve	O
tolerance	O
to	O
head-and-neck	O
radiotherapy,	O
decrease	O
mucositis,	O
reduce	O
soreness	B-disease
,	O
or	O
otherwise	O
improve	O
patient	O
well-being.	O

with	O
the	O
highest	O
tobacco	B-plant
abuse	O
prevalence	O
among	O
all	O
minorities,	O
american	O
indians	O
incur	O
high	O
rates	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

with	O
the	O
highest	O
tobacco	B-plant
abuse	O
prevalence	O
among	O
all	O
minorities,	O
american	O
indians	O
incur	O
high	O
rates	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

effects	O
of	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
on	O
exhaled	O
nasal	O
nitric	O
oxide	O
during	O
normobaric	B-disease
hypoxia	I-disease
in	O
humans.	O
.	O

ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
,	O
an	O
extract	O
of	O
the	O
ginkgo	O
tree,	O
may	O
prevent	O
or	O
lessen	O
symptoms	O
of	O
acute	B-disease
mountain	I-disease
sickness	I-disease
in	O
humans.	O

ginkgo	O
biloba,	O
an	O
extract	O
of	O
the	O
ginkgo	B-plant
tree,	O
may	O
prevent	O
or	O
lessen	O
symptoms	O
of	O
acute	B-disease
mountain	I-disease
sickness	I-disease
in	O
humans.	O

we	O
measured	O
exhaled	O
nasal	O
no	O
output	O
in	O
humans	O
(n	O
=	O
9)	O
during	O
normoxia	O
and	O
then	O
during	O
acute	O
normobaric	O
hypoxia	B-disease
(goal	O
oxyhemoglobin	O
saturation	O
75%	O
to	O
85%)	O
before	O
and	O
after	O
administration	O
of	O
a	O
standardized	O
extract	O
of	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
(120	O
mg	O
twice	O
daily	O
for	O
5	O
days).	O

exhaled	O
nasal	O
no	O
output	O
was	O
increased	O
during	O
normoxia	O
following	O
ginkgo	B-plant
(p	O
<	O
0.02)	O
and	O
reduced	O
during	O
normobaric	O
hypoxia	B-disease
both	O
before	O
(p	O
<	O
0.02)	O
and	O
following	O
(p	O
<	O
0.003)	O
ginkgo	B-plant
.	O

exhaled	O
nasal	O
no	O
output	O
was	O
increased	O
during	O
normoxia	O
following	O
ginkgo	B-plant
(p	O
<	O
0.02)	O
and	O
reduced	O
during	O
normobaric	O
hypoxia	B-disease
both	O
before	O
(p	O
<	O
0.02)	O
and	O
following	O
(p	O
<	O
0.003)	O
ginkgo	B-plant
.	O

exhaled	O
nasal	O
no	O
output	O
during	O
normobaric	O
hypoxia	B-disease
was	O
lowest	O
following	O
ginkgo	B-plant
(p	O
<	O
0.003).	O

we	O
conclude	O
that	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
increases	O
exhaled	O
nasal	O
no	O
output	O
during	O
normoxia	O
and	O
enhances	O
reduced	O
exhaled	O
nasal	O
no	O
output	O
during	O
normobaric	O
hypoxia	B-disease
.	O

we	O
investigated	O
whether	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
causes	O
cutaneous	B-disease
squamous	I-disease
cell	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
(cscc)	O
in	O
a	O
large	O
cohort	O
study	O
with	O
complete	O
and	O
long-term	O
follow-up.	O

we	O
investigated	O
whether	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
causes	O
cutaneous	O
squamous	O
cell	O
carcinoma	O
(	O
cscc	B-disease
)	O
in	O
a	O
large	O
cohort	O
study	O
with	O
complete	O
and	O
long-term	O
follow-up.	O

a	O
total	O
of	O
756	O
incident	O
cases	O
occurred	O
in	O
a	O
cohort	O
of	O
337,311	O
men	O
during	O
a	O
30-year	O
follow-up	O
period,	O
but	O
no	O
association	O
was	O
found	O
between	O
any	O
kind	O
of	O
smoking	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
and	O
cscc	B-disease
risk,	O
nor	O
any	O
risk	O
change	O
with	O
increasing	O
dose,	O
duration	O
or	O
time	O
since	O
smoking	O
cessation.	O

overall,	O
our	O
study	O
provides	O
no	O
evidence	O
that	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
cscc	B-disease
.	O

[experimental	O
study	O
on	O
treatment	O
of	O
minimal	B-disease
change	I-disease
nephropathy	I-disease
with	O
lespedeza	B-plant
michx	I-plant
].	O

objective:	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
therapeutic	O
effect	O
of	O
lespedeza	B-plant
michx	I-plant
in	O
experimental	O
rat	O
model	O
of	O
minimal	B-disease
change	I-disease
nephropathy	I-disease
(mcn).	O

objective:	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
therapeutic	O
effect	O
of	O
lespedeza	B-plant
michx	I-plant
in	O
experimental	O
rat	O
model	O
of	O
minimal	O
change	O
nephropathy	O
(	O
mcn	B-disease
).	O

result:	O
lespedeza	B-plant
michx	I-plant
could	O
decrease	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
urine	B-disease
proteinuria	I-disease
,	O
mda,	O
il-8,	O
and	O
tnf-alpha	O
in	O
serum,	O
increase	O
sod	O
level	O
and	O
improved	O
the	O
pathological	O
change	O
of	O
glomeruli.	O

conclusion:	O
lespedeza	B-plant
michx	I-plant
was	O
effective	O
on	O
mcn	B-disease
.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
and	O
risk	O
of	O
death	O
from	O
hepatocellular	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
in	O
a	O
large	O
cohort	O
study	O
in	O
japan.	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
relation	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
drinking	O
and	O
hepatocellular	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
(hcc)	O
mortality	O
in	O
the	O
japan	O
collaborative	O
cohort	O
study	O
for	O
evaluation	O
of	O
cancer	O
risk	O
(jacc	O
study).	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
relation	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
drinking	O
and	O
hepatocellular	O
carcinoma	O
(	O
hcc	B-disease
)	O
mortality	O
in	O
the	O
japan	O
collaborative	O
cohort	O
study	O
for	O
evaluation	O
of	O
cancer	O
risk	O
(jacc	O
study).	O

cox	O
proportional	O
hazards	O
model	O
by	O
sas	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
obtain	O
hazard	O
ratio	O
of	O
hcc	B-disease
mortality	O
for	O
each	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
categories.	O

the	O
hazard	O
ratio	O
of	O
death	O
due	O
to	O
hcc	B-disease
for	O
drinkers	O
of	O
one	O
and	O
more	O
cups	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
per	O
day,	O
compared	O
with	O
non-	O
coffee	B-plant
drinkers,	O
was	O
0.50	O
(95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
0.31-0.79),	O
and	O
the	O
ratio	O
for	O
drinkers	O
of	O
less	O
than	O
one	O
cup	O
per	O
day	O
was	O
0.83	O
(95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
0.54-1.25).	O

the	O
hazard	O
ratio	O
of	O
death	O
due	O
to	O
hcc	B-disease
for	O
drinkers	O
of	O
one	O
and	O
more	O
cups	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
per	O
day,	O
compared	O
with	O
non-	O
coffee	B-plant
drinkers,	O
was	O
0.50	O
(95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
0.31-0.79),	O
and	O
the	O
ratio	O
for	O
drinkers	O
of	O
less	O
than	O
one	O
cup	O
per	O
day	O
was	O
0.83	O
(95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
0.54-1.25).	O

our	O
data	O
confirmed	O
an	O
inverse	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
hcc	B-disease
mortality.	O

plantago	O
major	O
(	O
plantaginaceae	B-plant
)	O
is	O
popularly	O
used	O
to	O
treat	O
tumors	B-disease
,	O
infections	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
blood	O
purifier.	O
.	O

plantago	B-plant
major	I-plant
(plantaginaceae)	O
is	O
popularly	O
used	O
to	O
treat	O
tumors	B-disease
,	O
infections	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
blood	O
purifier.	O

results:	O
after	O
adjustment	O
for	O
other	O
food	O
items	O
(vegetables,	O
fruits,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
meat,	O
processed	O
meat	O
and	O
fish,	O
dairy	O
and	O
starchy	O
products,	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
green	O
tea),	O
that	O
were	O
related	O
to	O
outcome,	O
smoking,	O
alcohol	O
use,	O
family	O
history	O
on	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
education	O
level	O
and	O
residence,	O
stomach	O
cancer	B-disease
risk	O
was	O
inversely	O
associated	O
with	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage	O
(or=0.24;	O
95%	O
ci=0.10-0.57;	O
>	O
or	O
=1-3	O
times/month	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never),	O
carrots	O
(or=0.42,	O
95%	O
ci=0.20-0.86;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never)	O
and	O
garlic	O
(or=0.59,	O
95%	O
ci=0.37-0.96;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never).	O

results:	O
after	O
adjustment	O
for	O
other	O
food	O
items	O
(vegetables,	O
fruits,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
meat,	O
processed	O
meat	O
and	O
fish,	O
dairy	O
and	O
starchy	O
products,	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
green	O
tea),	O
that	O
were	O
related	O
to	O
outcome,	O
smoking,	O
alcohol	O
use,	O
family	O
history	O
on	O
cancer,	O
education	O
level	O
and	O
residence,	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
was	O
inversely	O
associated	O
with	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage	O
(or=0.24;	O
95%	O
ci=0.10-0.57;	O
>	O
or	O
=1-3	O
times/month	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never),	O
carrots	O
(or=0.42,	O
95%	O
ci=0.20-0.86;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never)	O
and	O
garlic	O
(or=0.59,	O
95%	O
ci=0.37-0.96;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never).	O

results:	O
after	O
adjustment	O
for	O
other	O
food	O
items	O
(vegetables,	O
fruits,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
meat,	O
processed	O
meat	O
and	O
fish,	O
dairy	O
and	O
starchy	O
products,	O
coffee,	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
),	O
that	O
were	O
related	O
to	O
outcome,	O
smoking,	O
alcohol	O
use,	O
family	O
history	O
on	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
education	O
level	O
and	O
residence,	O
stomach	O
cancer	B-disease
risk	O
was	O
inversely	O
associated	O
with	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage	O
(or=0.24;	O
95%	O
ci=0.10-0.57;	O
>	O
or	O
=1-3	O
times/month	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never),	O
carrots	O
(or=0.42,	O
95%	O
ci=0.20-0.86;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never)	O
and	O
garlic	O
(or=0.59,	O
95%	O
ci=0.37-0.96;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never).	O

results:	O
after	O
adjustment	O
for	O
other	O
food	O
items	O
(vegetables,	O
fruits,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
meat,	O
processed	O
meat	O
and	O
fish,	O
dairy	O
and	O
starchy	O
products,	O
coffee,	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
),	O
that	O
were	O
related	O
to	O
outcome,	O
smoking,	O
alcohol	O
use,	O
family	O
history	O
on	O
cancer,	O
education	O
level	O
and	O
residence,	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
was	O
inversely	O
associated	O
with	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage	O
(or=0.24;	O
95%	O
ci=0.10-0.57;	O
>	O
or	O
=1-3	O
times/month	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never),	O
carrots	O
(or=0.42,	O
95%	O
ci=0.20-0.86;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never)	O
and	O
garlic	O
(or=0.59,	O
95%	O
ci=0.37-0.96;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never).	O

results:	O
after	O
adjustment	O
for	O
other	O
food	O
items	O
(vegetables,	O
fruits,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
meat,	O
processed	O
meat	O
and	O
fish,	O
dairy	O
and	O
starchy	O
products,	O
coffee,	O
green	O
tea),	O
that	O
were	O
related	O
to	O
outcome,	O
smoking,	O
alcohol	O
use,	O
family	O
history	O
on	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
education	O
level	O
and	O
residence,	O
stomach	O
cancer	B-disease
risk	O
was	O
inversely	O
associated	O
with	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage	B-plant
(or=0.24;	O
95%	O
ci=0.10-0.57;	O
>	O
or	O
=1-3	O
times/month	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never),	O
carrots	O
(or=0.42,	O
95%	O
ci=0.20-0.86;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never)	O
and	O
garlic	O
(or=0.59,	O
95%	O
ci=0.37-0.96;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never).	O

results:	O
after	O
adjustment	O
for	O
other	O
food	O
items	O
(vegetables,	O
fruits,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
meat,	O
processed	O
meat	O
and	O
fish,	O
dairy	O
and	O
starchy	O
products,	O
coffee,	O
green	O
tea),	O
that	O
were	O
related	O
to	O
outcome,	O
smoking,	O
alcohol	O
use,	O
family	O
history	O
on	O
cancer,	O
education	O
level	O
and	O
residence,	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
was	O
inversely	O
associated	O
with	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage	B-plant
(or=0.24;	O
95%	O
ci=0.10-0.57;	O
>	O
or	O
=1-3	O
times/month	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never),	O
carrots	O
(or=0.42,	O
95%	O
ci=0.20-0.86;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never)	O
and	O
garlic	O
(or=0.59,	O
95%	O
ci=0.37-0.96;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never).	O

results:	O
after	O
adjustment	O
for	O
other	O
food	O
items	O
(vegetables,	O
fruits,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
meat,	O
processed	O
meat	O
and	O
fish,	O
dairy	O
and	O
starchy	O
products,	O
coffee,	O
green	O
tea),	O
that	O
were	O
related	O
to	O
outcome,	O
smoking,	O
alcohol	O
use,	O
family	O
history	O
on	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
education	O
level	O
and	O
residence,	O
stomach	O
cancer	B-disease
risk	O
was	O
inversely	O
associated	O
with	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage	O
(or=0.24;	O
95%	O
ci=0.10-0.57;	O
>	O
or	O
=1-3	O
times/month	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never),	O
carrots	B-plant
(or=0.42,	O
95%	O
ci=0.20-0.86;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never)	O
and	O
garlic	O
(or=0.59,	O
95%	O
ci=0.37-0.96;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never).	O

results:	O
after	O
adjustment	O
for	O
other	O
food	O
items	O
(vegetables,	O
fruits,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
meat,	O
processed	O
meat	O
and	O
fish,	O
dairy	O
and	O
starchy	O
products,	O
coffee,	O
green	O
tea),	O
that	O
were	O
related	O
to	O
outcome,	O
smoking,	O
alcohol	O
use,	O
family	O
history	O
on	O
cancer,	O
education	O
level	O
and	O
residence,	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
was	O
inversely	O
associated	O
with	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage	O
(or=0.24;	O
95%	O
ci=0.10-0.57;	O
>	O
or	O
=1-3	O
times/month	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never),	O
carrots	B-plant
(or=0.42,	O
95%	O
ci=0.20-0.86;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never)	O
and	O
garlic	O
(or=0.59,	O
95%	O
ci=0.37-0.96;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never).	O

results:	O
after	O
adjustment	O
for	O
other	O
food	O
items	O
(vegetables,	O
fruits,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
meat,	O
processed	O
meat	O
and	O
fish,	O
dairy	O
and	O
starchy	O
products,	O
coffee,	O
green	O
tea),	O
that	O
were	O
related	O
to	O
outcome,	O
smoking,	O
alcohol	O
use,	O
family	O
history	O
on	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
education	O
level	O
and	O
residence,	O
stomach	O
cancer	B-disease
risk	O
was	O
inversely	O
associated	O
with	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage	O
(or=0.24;	O
95%	O
ci=0.10-0.57;	O
>	O
or	O
=1-3	O
times/month	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never),	O
carrots	O
(or=0.42,	O
95%	O
ci=0.20-0.86;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never)	O
and	O
garlic	B-plant
(or=0.59,	O
95%	O
ci=0.37-0.96;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never).	O

results:	O
after	O
adjustment	O
for	O
other	O
food	O
items	O
(vegetables,	O
fruits,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
meat,	O
processed	O
meat	O
and	O
fish,	O
dairy	O
and	O
starchy	O
products,	O
coffee,	O
green	O
tea),	O
that	O
were	O
related	O
to	O
outcome,	O
smoking,	O
alcohol	O
use,	O
family	O
history	O
on	O
cancer,	O
education	O
level	O
and	O
residence,	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
was	O
inversely	O
associated	O
with	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage	O
(or=0.24;	O
95%	O
ci=0.10-0.57;	O
>	O
or	O
=1-3	O
times/month	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never),	O
carrots	O
(or=0.42,	O
95%	O
ci=0.20-0.86;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never)	O
and	O
garlic	B-plant
(or=0.59,	O
95%	O
ci=0.37-0.96;	O
1-6	O
times/week	O
vs.	O
almost	O
never).	O

there	O
were	O
no	O
statistically	O
significant	O
associations	O
between	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
and	O
consumption	O
of	O
citrus	B-plant
or	O
others	O
fruits.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
higher	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage	B-plant
,	O
carrots,	O
garlic	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
broccoli	O
may	O
decrease	O
a	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
whereas	O
intake	O
of	O
citrus	O
fruits	O
has	O
no	O
relation	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
the	O
disease.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
higher	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage,	O
carrots	B-plant
,	O
garlic	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
broccoli	O
may	O
decrease	O
a	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
whereas	O
intake	O
of	O
citrus	O
fruits	O
has	O
no	O
relation	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
the	O
disease.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
higher	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage,	O
carrots,	O
garlic	B-plant
as	O
well	O
as	O
broccoli	O
may	O
decrease	O
a	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
whereas	O
intake	O
of	O
citrus	O
fruits	O
has	O
no	O
relation	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
the	O
disease.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
higher	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage,	O
carrots,	O
garlic	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
broccoli	B-plant
may	O
decrease	O
a	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
whereas	O
intake	O
of	O
citrus	O
fruits	O
has	O
no	O
relation	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
the	O
disease.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
higher	O
consumption	O
of	O
raw	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
cabbage,	O
carrots,	O
garlic	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
broccoli	O
may	O
decrease	O
a	O
risk	O
of	O
stomach	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
whereas	O
intake	O
of	O
citrus	B-plant
fruits	O
has	O
no	O
relation	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
the	O
disease.	O

components	O
of	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
and	O
chemoprevention	O
of	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

higher	O
consumption	O
of	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
is	O
considered	O
the	O
hallmark	O
of	O
the	O
traditional	O
mediterranean	O
diet,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
low	O
incidence	O
and	O
prevalence	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
including	O
colorectal	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

higher	O
consumption	O
of	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
is	O
considered	O
the	O
hallmark	O
of	O
the	O
traditional	O
mediterranean	O
diet,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
low	O
incidence	O
and	O
prevalence	O
of	O
cancer,	O
including	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

nevertheless,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
growing	O
interest	O
in	O
studying	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
phenolics	O
in	O
carcinogenesis	B-disease
.	O

this	O
review	O
aims	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
overview	O
of	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
phenolics	O
and	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
in	O
particular	O
summarizing	O
the	O
epidemiologic,	O
in	O
vitro,	O
cellular,	O
and	O
animal	O
studies	O
on	O
antioxidant	O
and	O
anticarcinogenic	O
effects	O
of	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
phenolics.	O

this	O
review	O
aims	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
overview	O
of	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
phenolics	O
and	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
in	O
particular	O
summarizing	O
the	O
epidemiologic,	O
in	O
vitro,	O
cellular,	O
and	O
animal	O
studies	O
on	O
antioxidant	O
and	O
anticarcinogenic	O
effects	O
of	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
phenolics.	O

methods:	O
il-10-/-	O
mice	O
were	O
fed	O
chow	O
supplemented	O
with	O
corn	B-plant
oil	O
(co;	O
control,	O
n=28),	O
olive	O
oil	O
(oo;	O
n=29),	O
or	O
fish	O
oil	O
(fo;	O
n=35)	O
for	O
12	O
wk	O
and	O
their	O
colons	O
were	O
studied	O
for	O
colitis	B-disease
score,	O
premalignant	O
changes,	O
and	O
cox-2	O
expression.	O

methods:	O
il-10-/-	O
mice	O
were	O
fed	O
chow	O
supplemented	O
with	O
corn	O
oil	O
(co;	O
control,	O
n=28),	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
(oo;	O
n=29),	O
or	O
fish	O
oil	O
(fo;	O
n=35)	O
for	O
12	O
wk	O
and	O
their	O
colons	O
were	O
studied	O
for	O
colitis	B-disease
score,	O
premalignant	O
changes,	O
and	O
cox-2	O
expression.	O

conversely,	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
inhibits	O
cox-2	O
immunostaining	O
and	O
decreases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
neoplasia	B-disease
associated	O
with	O
chronic	O
colitis.	O

conversely,	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
inhibits	O
cox-2	O
immunostaining	O
and	O
decreases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
neoplasia	O
associated	O
with	O
chronic	B-disease
colitis	I-disease
.	O

role	O
of	O
dau	O
c	O
1inch	O
three	O
different	O
patterns	O
of	O
carrot	B-plant
-induced	O
asthma	B-disease
.	O

objective:	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
dau	O
c	O
1inch	O
three	O
patients	O
with	O
carrot	B-plant
induced	O
asthma	B-disease
.	O

material	O
and	O
methods:	O
patient	O
1	O
had	O
asthma	B-disease
when	O
handling	O
raw	O
carrots	B-plant
.	O

she	O
had	O
asthma	B-disease
when	O
handling	O
raw	O
carrots	B-plant
.	O

she	O
had	O
asthma	B-disease
due	O
to	O
raw	O
carrot	B-plant
ingestion	O
and	O
inhalation.	O

conclusions:	O
airborne	O
carrot	B-plant
allergens	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
sensitize	O
without	O
the	O
implication	O
of	O
a	O
previous	O
pollen	B-disease
allergy	I-disease
.	O
.	O

allergy	B-disease
to	O
carrot	B-plant
in	O
patient	O
3	O
seems	O
to	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
her	O
allergy	O
to	O
different	O
pollens;	O
however,	O
it	O
wasn\'t	O
related	O
to	O
birch	O
pollen.	O

allergy	O
to	O
carrot	B-plant
in	O
patient	O
3	O
seems	O
to	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
her	O
allergy	B-disease
to	O
different	O
pollens;	O
however,	O
it	O
wasn\'t	O
related	O
to	O
birch	O
pollen.	O
.	O

allergy	B-disease
to	O
carrot	O
in	O
patient	O
3	O
seems	O
to	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
her	O
allergy	O
to	O
different	O
pollens;	O
however,	O
it	O
wasn\'t	O
related	O
to	O
birch	B-plant
pollen.	O

allergy	O
to	O
carrot	O
in	O
patient	O
3	O
seems	O
to	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
her	O
allergy	B-disease
to	O
different	O
pollens;	O
however,	O
it	O
wasn\'t	O
related	O
to	O
birch	B-plant
pollen.	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
relationship	O
of	O
environmental	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
(ets)	O
and	O
visible	O
mold	O
exposures	O
on	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
allergic	B-disease
rhinitis	I-disease
,	O
rhinitis	O
and	O
upper	O
respiratory	O
infection	O
(uri)	O
in	O
a	O
birth	O
cohort	O
where	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
parent	O
was	O
skin	O
prick	O
test	O
(spt)	O
positive.	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
relationship	O
of	O
environmental	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
(ets)	O
and	O
visible	O
mold	O
exposures	O
on	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
allergic	O
rhinitis	B-disease
,	O
rhinitis	B-disease
and	O
upper	O
respiratory	O
infection	O
(uri)	O
in	O
a	O
birth	O
cohort	O
where	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
parent	O
was	O
skin	O
prick	O
test	O
(spt)	O
positive.	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
relationship	O
of	O
environmental	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
(ets)	O
and	O
visible	O
mold	O
exposures	O
on	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
allergic	O
rhinitis,	O
rhinitis	O
and	O
upper	B-disease
respiratory	I-disease
infection	I-disease
(uri)	O
in	O
a	O
birth	O
cohort	O
where	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
parent	O
was	O
skin	O
prick	O
test	O
(spt)	O
positive.	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
relationship	O
of	O
environmental	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
(ets)	O
and	O
visible	O
mold	O
exposures	O
on	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
allergic	O
rhinitis,	O
rhinitis	O
and	O
upper	O
respiratory	O
infection	O
(	O
uri	B-disease
)	O
in	O
a	O
birth	O
cohort	O
where	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
parent	O
was	O
skin	O
prick	O
test	O
(spt)	O
positive.	O

the	O
use	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
products	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
an	O
increased	O
incidence	O
of	O
periodontal	B-disease
disease	I-disease
,	O
poor	O
response	O
to	O
periodontal	O
therapy,	O
and	O
a	O
high	O
risk	O
for	O
developing	O
head	O
and	O
neck	O
cancer.	O

the	O
use	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
products	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
an	O
increased	O
incidence	O
of	O
periodontal	O
disease,	O
poor	O
response	O
to	O
periodontal	O
therapy,	O
and	O
a	O
high	O
risk	O
for	O
developing	O
head	B-disease
and	I-disease
neck	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

elucidation	O
of	O
this	O
novel	O
mechanism	O
of	O
nicotine-dependent	O
nuclear	O
transactivation	O
of	O
stat-3	O
identifies	O
oral	O
alpha7	O
nachr	O
as	O
a	O
promising	O
molecular	O
target	O
to	O
prevent,	O
reverse,	O
or	O
retard	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
periodontal	B-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
progression	O
of	O
head	O
and	O
neck	O
cancer	O
by	O
receptor	O
inhibitors.	O

elucidation	O
of	O
this	O
novel	O
mechanism	O
of	O
nicotine-dependent	O
nuclear	O
transactivation	O
of	O
stat-3	O
identifies	O
oral	O
alpha7	O
nachr	O
as	O
a	O
promising	O
molecular	O
target	O
to	O
prevent,	O
reverse,	O
or	O
retard	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
periodontal	O
disease	O
and	O
progression	O
of	O
head	B-disease
and	I-disease
neck	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
by	O
receptor	O
inhibitors.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
gestational	B-disease
diabetes	I-disease
mellitus	I-disease
.	O

background:	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
has	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
decreased	O
risk	O
of	O
type	B-disease
2	I-disease
diabetes	I-disease
mellitus	I-disease
.	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
gestational	O
diabetes	O
mellitus	O
[	O
gdm	B-disease
].	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
gestational	B-disease
diabetes	I-disease
mellitus	I-disease
[gdm].	O

we	O
studied	O
the	O
association	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
before	O
and	O
during	O
pregnancy,	O
and	O
the	O
subsequent	O
risk	O
of	O
gdm	B-disease
.	O

results:	O
women	O
who	O
reported	O
moderate	O
pre-pregnancy	O
caffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
intake	O
had	O
a	O
significantly	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
gdm	B-disease
(adjusted	O
rr	O
0.50;	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.29-0.85)	O
compared	O
with	O
non-consumers.	O

conclusions:	O
moderate	O
pre-pregnancy	O
caffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
may	O
have	O
a	O
protective	O
association	O
with	O
gdm	B-disease
.	O

the	O
effect	O
of	O
lifestyle	O
factors,	O
including	O
tobacco	B-plant
chewing,	O
smoking	O
and	O
alcohol	O
drinking,	O
diet	O
and	O
dental	O
care,	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
oral	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
was	O
investigated	O
in	O
a	O
case-control	O
study	O
conducted	O
in	O
rajah	O
muthiah	O
dental	O
college	O
and	O
hospital,	O
annamalainagar,	O
annamalai	O
university,	O
chidambaram,	O
tamil	O
nadu,	O
india	O
during	O
the	O
period	O
1991-2003.	O

all	O
participants	O
were	O
interviewed	O
using	O
a	O
structured	O
questionnaire	O
that	O
contained	O
data	O
on	O
demographic	O
factors,	O
family	O
history	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
tobacco	B-plant
habits,	O
use	O
of	O
alcohol,	O
frequency,	O
duration,	O
cessation	O
of	O
these	O
habits,	O
dietary	O
practices	O
and	O
oral	O
hygiene.	O

intraperitoneal	O
injection	O
of	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
extract	O
enhances	O
antioxidation	O
ability	O
of	O
retina	O
and	O
protects	O
photoreceptors	O
after	O
light-induced	O
retinal	B-disease
damage	I-disease
in	O
rats.	O

purpose:	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
extract	O
egb	O
761,	O
a	O
free-radical	O
scavenger,	O
on	O
the	O
antioxidation	O
capability	O
of	O
retina	O
after	O
light-induced	O
retinal	B-disease
damage	I-disease
in	O
rats	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
egb	O
761	O
protects	O
the	O
photoreceptors	O
after	O
light-induced	O
retinal	B-disease
damage	I-disease
.	O

purpose:	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
ginkgo	B-plant
biloba	I-plant
extract	O
egb	O
761,	O
a	O
free-radical	O
scavenger,	O
on	O
the	O
antioxidation	O
capability	O
of	O
retina	O
after	O
light-induced	O
retinal	B-disease
damage	I-disease
in	O
rats	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
egb	O
761	O
protects	O
the	O
photoreceptors	O
after	O
light-induced	O
retinal	B-disease
damage	I-disease
.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
smoke-induced	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
animals--a	O
challenge	O
to	O
toxicology	O
(?).	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
is	O
a	O
known	O
human	O
carcinogen	O
that	O
primarily	O
produces	O
malignant	B-disease
lesions	I-disease
in	O
the	O
respiratory	O
tract,	O
although	O
it	O
also	O
affects	O
multiple	O
other	O
sites.	O

a	O
reliable	O
and	O
practical	O
animal	O
model	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke-induced	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
would	O
be	O
helpful	O
for	O
in	O
studies	O
of	O
product	O
modification	O
and	O
chemoprevention.	O

over	O
the	O
years,	O
many	O
attempts	O
to	O
reproduce	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
experimental	O
animals	O
exposed	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
have	O
been	O
made,	O
most	O
often	O
with	O
negative	O
or	O
only	O
marginally	O
positive	O
results.	O

female	O
rats	O
and	O
female	O
b6c3f1	O
mice,	O
when	O
exposed	O
over	O
lifetime	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke,	O
develop	O
tumors	B-disease
in	O
the	O
nasal	O
passages	O
and	O
also	O
in	O
the	O
lung.	O

male	O
and	O
female	O
strain	O
a	O
mice	O
exposed	O
to	O
5	O
months	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
and	O
then	O
kept	O
for	O
another	O
4	O
months	O
in	O
air	O
respond	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
with	O
increased	O
lung	B-disease
tumor	I-disease
multiplicities.	O

male	O
and	O
female	O
strain	O
a	O
mice	O
exposed	O
to	O
5	O
months	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
and	O
then	O
kept	O
for	O
another	O
4	O
months	O
in	O
air	O
respond	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
with	O
increased	O
lung	B-disease
tumor	I-disease
multiplicities.	O

background:	O
vr3848	O
is	O
a	O
novel	O
cycloheptapeptide,	O
isolated	O
from	O
a	O
euphorbiaceae	B-plant
plant	I-plant
,	O
which	O
can	O
suppress	O
proliferation	O
of	O
various	O
tumor	B-disease
cells	O
at	O
nanomolar	O
concentration.	O

findings:	O
results	O
indicate	O
that	O
differences	O
in	O
risk	O
indicators	O
along	O
the	O
tobacco	B-plant
disease	O
continuum	O
do	O
not	O
explain	O
fully	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
consequences	O
among	O
some	O
minority	O
racial/ethnic	O
groups,	O
particularly	O
among	O
the	O
aggregate	O
groups,	O
blacks/african	O
americans	O
and	O
american	O
indians/alaska	O
natives.	O

findings:	O
results	O
indicate	O
that	O
differences	O
in	O
risk	O
indicators	O
along	O
the	O
tobacco	B-plant
disease	O
continuum	O
do	O
not	O
explain	O
fully	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
consequences	O
among	O
some	O
minority	O
racial/ethnic	O
groups,	O
particularly	O
among	O
the	O
aggregate	O
groups,	O
blacks/african	O
americans	O
and	O
american	O
indians/alaska	O
natives.	O

our	O
findings	O
provide	O
insights	O
into	O
the	O
mechanisms	O
leading	O
to	O
reversible	O
and	O
persistent	O
effects	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
that	O
may	O
explain	O
former	O
smokers	O
increased	O
risk	O
for	O
developing	O
tobacco	B-plant
-induced	O
lung	B-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
provide	O
novel	O
targets	O
for	O
chemoprophylaxis.	O

our	O
findings	O
provide	O
insights	O
into	O
the	O
mechanisms	O
leading	O
to	O
reversible	O
and	O
persistent	O
effects	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
that	O
may	O
explain	O
former	O
smokers	O
increased	O
risk	O
for	O
developing	O
tobacco	B-plant
-induced	O
lung	B-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
provide	O
novel	O
targets	O
for	O
chemoprophylaxis.	O

the	O
anti-inflammatory	O
activity	O

in	O
vivo	O
of	O
the	O
methylene	O
chloride/methanol	O
extract,	O
methanol	O
and	O
methylene	O
chloride	O
fractions	O
of	O
stem	O
barks	O
of	O
allanblackia	B-plant
monticola	I-plant
,	O
administered	O
orally	O
at	O
doses	O
of	O
37.5;	O
75;	O
150	O
and	O
300	O
mg/kg,	O
was	O
evaluated	O
on	O
carrageenan-induced	O
oedema	B-disease
in	O
rats	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
most	O
active	O
fraction.	O

the	O
results	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
methylene	O
chloride	O
fraction	O
of	O
allanblackia	B-plant
monticola	I-plant
was	O
more	O
effective	O
on	O
the	O
oedema	B-disease
caused	O
by	O
the	O
carrageenan.	O
.	O

allanblackia	B-plant
monticola	I-plant
(75-300	O
mg/kg)	O
did	O
not	O
cause	O
significant	O
modification	O
of	O
the	O
oedema	B-disease
induced	O
by	O
serotonin.	O

we	O
recently	O
showed	O
that	O
nexrutine,	O
a	O
phellodendron	B-plant
amurense	I-plant
bark	O
extract,	O
suppresses	O
proliferation	O
of	O
prostate	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cell	O
lines	O
and	O
tumor	O
development	O
in	O
the	O
transgenic	O
adenocarcinoma	O
of	O
mouse	O
prostate	O
(tramp)	O
model.	O

we	O
recently	O
showed	O
that	O
nexrutine,	O
a	O
phellodendron	B-plant
amurense	I-plant
bark	O
extract,	O
suppresses	O
proliferation	O
of	O
prostate	O
cancer	O
cell	O
lines	O
and	O
tumor	B-disease
development	O
in	O
the	O
transgenic	O
adenocarcinoma	O
of	O
mouse	O
prostate	O
(tramp)	O
model.	O

here	O
we	O
report	O
ehrlich\'s	B-disease
ascites	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
(eac)induced	O
hepatotoxicity	O
and	O
its	O
protection	O
by	O
antitumor	O
dose	O
of	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
in	O
mice.	O

here	O
we	O
report	O
ehrlich\'s	O
ascites	O
carcinoma	O
(	O
eac	B-disease
)induced	O
hepatotoxicity	O
and	O
its	O
protection	O
by	O
antitumor	O
dose	O
of	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
in	O
mice.	O

here	O
we	O
report	O
ehrlich\'s	O
ascites	O
carcinoma	O
(eac)induced	O
hepatotoxicity	B-disease
and	O
its	O
protection	O
by	O
antitumor	O
dose	O
of	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
in	O
mice.	O

treatment	O
with	O
antitumor	O
dose	O
of	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
could	O
replenish	O
the	O
host\'s	O
antioxidant	O
system	O
and	O
regress	O
cancer	B-disease
-induced	O
ros	O
significantly,	O
thereby	O
protecting	O
the	O
host\'s	O
liver	O
from	O
lipid	O
peroxidation	O
and	O
subsequent	O
degeneration.	O

thus,	O
unlike	O
many	O
other	O
anticancer	O
agents,	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
not	O
only	O
has	O
anti	O
tumor	B-disease
and	O
immunorestoring	O
properties,	O
but	O
it	O
also	O
protects	O
host	O
liver	O
from	O
tumor	B-disease
-induced	O
toxicity.	O

thus,	O
unlike	O
many	O
other	O
anticancer	O
agents,	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
not	O
only	O
has	O
antitumor	O
and	O
immunorestoring	O
properties,	O
but	O
it	O
also	O
protects	O
host	O
liver	O
from	O
tumor-induced	O
toxicity	B-disease
.	O

these	O
results	O
thus	O
raise	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
inclusion	O
of	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
in	O
a	O
successful	O
therapeutic	O
regimen	O
against	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

association	O
of	O
tnf-alpha	O
and	O
tnfr1	O
promoters	O
and	O
3\'	O
utr	O
region	O
of	O
tnfr2	O
gene	O
polymorphisms	O
with	O
genetic	O
susceptibility	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
in	O
asian	O
indians.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	O
squamous	O
cell	O
carcinoma	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
malignancy	B-disease
in	O
asian	O
people.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	B-disease
squamous	I-disease
cell	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
is	O
a	O
common	O
malignancy	O
in	O
asian	O
people.	O

smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
has	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
induce	O
tumor	O
necrosis	O
factor-alpha	O
(tnf-alpha),	O
which,	O
along	O
with	O
its	O
receptors,	O
is	O
over-expressed	O
in	O
people	O
with	O
oral	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
.	O

single	O
nucleotide	O
polymorphisms	O
(snps)	O
in	O
tnf-alpha	O
and	O
tnf	O
receptor	O
genes	O
may	O
affect	O
their	O
expression	O
and	O
may	O
be	O
a	O
potential	O
determinant	O
of	O
susceptibility	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	B-disease
carcinomas	I-disease
.	O

it	O
seems	O
that	O
tnf-alpha-308	O
g/a	O
may	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
susceptibility,	O
whereas	O
-609	O
tt	O
tnfr1	O
and	O
1690	O
c/t	O
tnfr2	O
snps	O
may	O
be	O
protective	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
oral	B-disease
squamous	I-disease
cell	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
.	O

joint	O
effects	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
serum	O
gamma-glutamyltransferase	O
on	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
liver	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

only	O
three	O
japanese	O
prospective	O
studies	O
have	O
suggested	O
an	O
inverse	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
drinking	O
and	O
liver	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk.	O

we	O
aimed	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
single	O
and	O
joint	O
associations	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
serum	O
ggt	O
with	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
primary	O
liver	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

the	O
multivariable-adjusted	O
(age,	O
sex,	O
alcohol	O
consumption,	O
education,	O
smoking,	O
diabetes	B-disease
and	O
chronic	O
liver	O
disease	O
at	O
baseline	O
and	O
during	O
follow-up,	O
and	O
body	O
mass	O
index)	O
hazards	O
ratios	O
of	O
liver	O
cancer	O
in	O
participants	O
who	O
drank	O
0-1,	O
2-3,	O
4-5,	O
6-7,	O
and	O
>	O
or	O
=8	O
cups	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
daily	O
were	O
1.00,	O
0.66,	O
0.44,	O
0.38,	O
and	O
0.32	O
(p	O
for	O
trend	O
=	O
0.003),	O
respectively.	O

the	O
multivariable-adjusted	O
(age,	O
sex,	O
alcohol	O
consumption,	O
education,	O
smoking,	O
diabetes	O
and	O
chronic	B-disease
liver	I-disease
disease	I-disease
at	O
baseline	O
and	O
during	O
follow-up,	O
and	O
body	O
mass	O
index)	O
hazards	O
ratios	O
of	O
liver	O
cancer	O
in	O
participants	O
who	O
drank	O
0-1,	O
2-3,	O
4-5,	O
6-7,	O
and	O
>	O
or	O
=8	O
cups	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
daily	O
were	O
1.00,	O
0.66,	O
0.44,	O
0.38,	O
and	O
0.32	O
(p	O
for	O
trend	O
=	O
0.003),	O
respectively.	O

the	O
multivariable-adjusted	O
(age,	O
sex,	O
alcohol	O
consumption,	O
education,	O
smoking,	O
diabetes	O
and	O
chronic	O
liver	O
disease	O
at	O
baseline	O
and	O
during	O
follow-up,	O
and	O
body	O
mass	O
index)	O
hazards	O
ratios	O
of	O
liver	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
participants	O
who	O
drank	O
0-1,	O
2-3,	O
4-5,	O
6-7,	O
and	O
>	O
or	O
=8	O
cups	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
daily	O
were	O
1.00,	O
0.66,	O
0.44,	O
0.38,	O
and	O
0.32	O
(p	O
for	O
trend	O
=	O
0.003),	O
respectively.	O

the	O
multivariable-adjusted	O
and	O
coffee	B-plant
-adjusted	O
hazard	O
ratio	O
of	O
liver	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
for	O
the	O
highest	O
versus	O
the	O
lowest	O
quartile	O
of	O
serum	O
ggt	O
was	O
3.13	O
(95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
=	O
1.22-8.07).	O

the	O
multivariable-adjusted	O
inverse	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
liver	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
persisted	O
when	O
stratified	O
by	O
baseline	O
factors:	O
age	O
more/less	O
than	O
50	O
years,	O
current	O
smoker/never	O
smoked/ever	O
smoked,	O
alcohol	O
drinker/never	O
drinker,	O
obese/nonobese,	O
and	O
the	O
highest/lowest	O
three	O
quartiles	O
of	O
serum	O
ggt.	O

the	O
multivariable-adjusted	O
inverse	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
liver	O
cancer	O
risk	O
persisted	O
when	O
stratified	O
by	O
baseline	O
factors:	O
age	O
more/less	O
than	O
50	O
years,	O
current	O
smoker/never	O
smoked/ever	O
smoked,	O
alcohol	O
drinker/never	O
drinker,	O
obese	B-disease
/non	O
obese	B-disease
,	O
and	O
the	O
highest/lowest	O
three	O
quartiles	O
of	O
serum	O
ggt.	O

conclusion:	O
coffee	B-plant
drinking	O
has	O
an	O
inverse	O
and	O
graded	O
association	O
with	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
liver	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

with	O
interest	O
in	O
complementary	O
medicine	O
for	O
hypertension	B-disease
increasing,	O
it	O
is	O
timely	O
to	O
update	O
a	O
systematic	O
review	O
and	O
meta-analysis	O
from	O
1994	O
of	O
studies	O
investigating	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
preparations	O
on	O
blood	O
pressure.	O

meta-analysis	O
of	O
all	O
studies	O
showed	O
a	O
mean	O
decrease	O
of	O
4.6	O
+/-	O
2.8mm	O
hg	O
for	O
sbp	O
in	O
the	O
garlic	B-plant
group	O
compared	O
to	O
placebo	O
(n	O
=	O
10;	O
p	O
=	O
0.001),	O
while	O
the	O
mean	O
decrease	O
in	O
the	O
hypertensive	B-disease
subgroup	O
was	O
8.4	O
+/-	O
2.8mm	O
hg	O
for	O
sbp	O
(n	O
=	O
4;	O
p	O
<	O
0.001),	O
and	O
7.3	O
+/-	O
1.5mm	O
hg	O
for	O
dbp	O
(n	O
=	O
3;	O
p	O
<	O
0.001).	O

conclusion:	O
our	O
meta-analysis	O
suggests	O
that	O
garlic	B-plant
preparations	O
are	O
superior	O
to	O
placebo	O
in	O
reducing	O
blood	O
pressure	O
in	O
individuals	O
with	O
hypertension	B-disease
.	O

the	O
antioxidant	O
response	O
induced	O
by	O
lonicera	B-plant
caerulaea	I-plant
berry	I-plant
extracts	O
in	O
animals	O
bearing	O
experimental	O
solid	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
.	O

the	O
aim	O
of	O
our	O
work	O
was	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
in	O
vivo	O
effects	O
of	O
the	O
antioxidant	O
action	O
of	O
lonicera	B-plant
caerulea	I-plant
berry	I-plant
extracts	O
on	O
the	O
dynamics	O
of	O
experimentally-induced	O
tumors	B-disease
.	O

our	O
data	O
showed	O
that	O
aqueous	O
lonicera	B-plant
caerulaea	I-plant
extracts	O
reduced	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
volume	O
when	O
administered	O
continuously	O
during	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
growth	O
and	O
development	O
stages,	O
but	O
augmented	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
growth	O
when	O
the	O
administration	O
of	O
extracts	O
started	O
three	O
weeks	O
before	O
tumor	B-disease
grafting.	O

our	O
data	O
showed	O
that	O
aqueous	O
lonicera	B-plant
caerulaea	I-plant
extracts	O
reduced	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
volume	O
when	O
administered	O
continuously	O
during	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
growth	O
and	O
development	O
stages,	O
but	O
augmented	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
growth	O
when	O
the	O
administration	O
of	O
extracts	O
started	O
three	O
weeks	O
before	O
tumor	B-disease
grafting.	O

our	O
data	O
showed	O
that	O
aqueous	O
lonicera	B-plant
caerulaea	I-plant
extracts	O
reduced	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
volume	O
when	O
administered	O
continuously	O
during	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
growth	O
and	O
development	O
stages,	O
but	O
augmented	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
growth	O
when	O
the	O
administration	O
of	O
extracts	O
started	O
three	O
weeks	O
before	O
tumor	B-disease
grafting.	O

our	O
data	O
showed	O
that	O
aqueous	O
lonicera	B-plant
caerulaea	I-plant
extracts	O
reduced	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
volume	O
when	O
administered	O
continuously	O
during	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
growth	O
and	O
development	O
stages,	O
but	O
augmented	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
growth	O
when	O
the	O
administration	O
of	O
extracts	O
started	O
three	O
weeks	O
before	O
tumor	B-disease
grafting.	O

prolonged	O
administration	O
of	O
lonicera	B-plant
caerulaea	I-plant
berry	I-plant
extracts	O
induced	O
the	O
antioxidant	O
defense	O
mechanism	O
in	O
the	O
tumor	B-disease
tissues,	O
while	O
surprisingly	O
amplifying	O
the	O
peripheral	O
oxidative	O
stress.	O

beneficial	O
effects	O
of	O
lepidium	O
meyenii	O
(	O
maca	B-plant
)	O
on	O
psychological	O
symptoms	O
and	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	B-disease
dysfunction	I-disease
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
are	O
not	O
related	O
to	O
estrogen	O
or	O
androgen	O
content.	O

beneficial	O
effects	O
of	O
lepidium	O
meyenii	O
(	O
maca	B-plant
)	O
on	O
psychological	B-disease
symptoms	I-disease
and	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	O
dysfunction	O
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
are	O
not	O
related	O
to	O
estrogen	O
or	O
androgen	O
content.	O

beneficial	O
effects	O
of	O
lepidium	B-plant
meyeni	I-plant
i	O
(maca)	O
on	O
psychological	O
symptoms	O
and	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	B-disease
dysfunction	I-disease
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
are	O
not	O
related	O
to	O
estrogen	O
or	O
androgen	O
content.	O

beneficial	O
effects	O
of	O
lepidium	B-plant
meyeni	I-plant
i	O
(maca)	O
on	O
psychological	B-disease
symptoms	I-disease
and	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	O
dysfunction	O
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
are	O
not	O
related	O
to	O
estrogen	O
or	O
androgen	O
content.	O

the	O
greene	O
climacteric	O
scale	O
revealed	O
a	O
significant	O
reduction	O
in	O
scores	O
in	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
psychological	O
symptoms,	O
including	O
the	O
subscales	O
for	O
anxiety	O
and	O
depression	B-disease
and	O
sexual	O
dysfunction	O
after	O
maca	B-plant
consumption	O
compared	O
with	O
both	O
baseline	O
and	O
placebo	O
(p	O
<	O
0.05).	O

the	O
greene	O
climacteric	O
scale	O
revealed	O
a	O
significant	O
reduction	O
in	O
scores	O
in	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
psychological	O
symptoms,	O
including	O
the	O
subscales	O
for	O
anxiety	B-disease
and	O
depression	O
and	O
sexual	O
dysfunction	O
after	O
maca	B-plant
consumption	O
compared	O
with	O
both	O
baseline	O
and	O
placebo	O
(p	O
<	O
0.05).	O

the	O
greene	O
climacteric	O
scale	O
revealed	O
a	O
significant	O
reduction	O
in	O
scores	O
in	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
psychological	O
symptoms,	O
including	O
the	O
subscales	O
for	O
anxiety	O
and	O
depression	O
and	O
sexual	B-disease
dysfunction	I-disease
after	O
maca	B-plant
consumption	O
compared	O
with	O
both	O
baseline	O
and	O
placebo	O
(p	O
<	O
0.05).	O

the	O
greene	O
climacteric	O
scale	O
revealed	O
a	O
significant	O
reduction	O
in	O
scores	O
in	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
psychological	B-disease
symptoms	I-disease
,	O
including	O
the	O
subscales	O
for	O
anxiety	O
and	O
depression	O
and	O
sexual	O
dysfunction	O
after	O
maca	B-plant
consumption	O
compared	O
with	O
both	O
baseline	O
and	O
placebo	O
(p	O
<	O
0.05).	O

conclusions:	O
preliminary	O
findings	O
show	O
that	O
lepidium	O
meyenii	O
(	O
maca	B-plant
)	O
(3.5	O
g/d)	O
reduces	O
psychological	O
symptoms,	O
including	O
anxiety	O
and	O
depression	B-disease
,	O
and	O
lowers	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	O
dysfunction	O
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
independent	O
of	O
estrogenic	O
and	O
androgenic	O
activity.	O

conclusions:	O
preliminary	O
findings	O
show	O
that	O
lepidium	O
meyenii	O
(	O
maca	B-plant
)	O
(3.5	O
g/d)	O
reduces	O
psychological	O
symptoms,	O
including	O
anxiety	O
and	O
depression,	O
and	O
lowers	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	B-disease
dysfunction	I-disease
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
independent	O
of	O
estrogenic	O
and	O
androgenic	O
activity.	O

conclusions:	O
preliminary	O
findings	O
show	O
that	O
lepidium	O
meyenii	O
(	O
maca	B-plant
)	O
(3.5	O
g/d)	O
reduces	O
psychological	B-disease
symptoms	I-disease
,	O
including	O
anxiety	O
and	O
depression,	O
and	O
lowers	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	O
dysfunction	O
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
independent	O
of	O
estrogenic	O
and	O
androgenic	O
activity.	O

conclusions:	O
preliminary	O
findings	O
show	O
that	O
lepidium	O
meyenii	O
(	O
maca	B-plant
)	O
(3.5	O
g/d)	O
reduces	O
psychological	O
symptoms,	O
including	O
anxiety	B-disease
and	O
depression,	O
and	O
lowers	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	O
dysfunction	O
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
independent	O
of	O
estrogenic	O
and	O
androgenic	O
activity.	O

conclusions:	O
preliminary	O
findings	O
show	O
that	O
lepidium	B-plant
meyenii	I-plant
(maca)	O
(3.5	O
g/d)	O
reduces	O
psychological	O
symptoms,	O
including	O
anxiety	O
and	O
depression	B-disease
,	O
and	O
lowers	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	O
dysfunction	O
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
independent	O
of	O
estrogenic	O
and	O
androgenic	O
activity.	O

conclusions:	O
preliminary	O
findings	O
show	O
that	O
lepidium	B-plant
meyenii	I-plant
(maca)	O
(3.5	O
g/d)	O
reduces	O
psychological	O
symptoms,	O
including	O
anxiety	O
and	O
depression,	O
and	O
lowers	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	B-disease
dysfunction	I-disease
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
independent	O
of	O
estrogenic	O
and	O
androgenic	O
activity.	O

conclusions:	O
preliminary	O
findings	O
show	O
that	O
lepidium	B-plant
meyenii	I-plant
(maca)	O
(3.5	O
g/d)	O
reduces	O
psychological	B-disease
symptoms	I-disease
,	O
including	O
anxiety	O
and	O
depression,	O
and	O
lowers	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	O
dysfunction	O
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
independent	O
of	O
estrogenic	O
and	O
androgenic	O
activity.	O

conclusions:	O
preliminary	O
findings	O
show	O
that	O
lepidium	B-plant
meyenii	I-plant
(maca)	O
(3.5	O
g/d)	O
reduces	O
psychological	O
symptoms,	O
including	O
anxiety	B-disease
and	O
depression,	O
and	O
lowers	O
measures	O
of	O
sexual	O
dysfunction	O
in	O
postmenopausal	O
women	O
independent	O
of	O
estrogenic	O
and	O
androgenic	O
activity.	O

ccsps	O
(4870	O
patients,	O
follow-up	O
4	O
years),	O
a	O
secondary	O
prevention	O
trial	O
using	O
xuezhikang,	O
a	O
commercial	O
red	O
yeast	O
rice	B-plant
preparation,	O
produced	O
a	O
46%	O
reduction	O
in	O
nonfatal	O
myocardial	O
infarction	O
and	O
coronary	B-disease
death	I-disease
.	O

ccsps	O
(4870	O
patients,	O
follow-up	O
4	O
years),	O
a	O
secondary	O
prevention	O
trial	O
using	O
xuezhikang,	O
a	O
commercial	O
red	O
yeast	O
rice	B-plant
preparation,	O
produced	O
a	O
46%	O
reduction	O
in	O
nonfatal	O
myocardial	B-disease
infarction	I-disease
and	O
coronary	O
death.	O

red	O
yeast	O
rice	B-plant
reduces	O
adverse	O
cardiac	B-disease
events	I-disease
to	O
a	O
similar	O
degree	O
as	O
the	O
statins.	O

it	O
is	O
unlikely	O
that	O
garlic	B-plant
is	O
useful	O
in	O
preventing	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

evaluation	O
of	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
coconut	B-plant
to	O
treat	O
chronic	O
diarrhea	B-disease
in	O
rhesus	O
macaques	O
(macaca	O
mulatta).	O
.	O

coconut	B-plant
has	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
dietary	O
supplement	O
for	O
people	O
with	O
inflammatory	B-disease
bowel	I-disease
disease	I-disease
,	O
with	O
anecdotal	O
reports	O
of	O
decreased	O
diarrhea	O
following	O
the	O
dietary	O
addition.	O
.	O

coconut	B-plant
has	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
dietary	O
supplement	O
for	O
people	O
with	O
inflammatory	O
bowel	O
disease,	O
with	O
anecdotal	O
reports	O
of	O
decreased	O
diarrhea	B-disease
following	O
the	O
dietary	O
addition.	O

a	O
dietary	O
trial	O
in	O
rhesus	O
macaques	O
was	O
initiated	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
dietary	O
coconut	B-plant
decreases	O
symptoms	O
of	O
chronic	O
diarrhea	B-disease
in	O
rhesus	O
macaques.	O

results	O
and	O
conclusions:	O
data	O
of	O
chi-squared	O
analysis	O
obtained	O
from	O
eight	O
rhesus	O
macaques	O
with	O
chronic	O
diarrhea	B-disease
showed	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
coconut	B-plant
macaroons	O
as	O
a	O
dietary	O
supplement	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
statistically	O
significant	O
effect	O
on	O
their	O
diarrhea	B-disease
.	O

results	O
and	O
conclusions:	O
data	O
of	O
chi-squared	O
analysis	O
obtained	O
from	O
eight	O
rhesus	O
macaques	O
with	O
chronic	O
diarrhea	B-disease
showed	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
coconut	B-plant
macaroons	O
as	O
a	O
dietary	O
supplement	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
statistically	O
significant	O
effect	O
on	O
their	O
diarrhea	B-disease
.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
type	B-disease
2	I-disease
diabetes	I-disease
,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
and	O
cancer.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
type	O
2	O
diabetes,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
and	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
type	O
2	O
diabetes,	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
,	O
and	O
cancer.	O

numerous	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
evaluated	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
type	B-disease
2	I-disease
diabetes	I-disease
,	O
coronary	O
heart	O
disease,	O
and	O
various	O
cancers.	O

numerous	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
evaluated	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
type	O
2	O
diabetes,	O
coronary	B-disease
heart	I-disease
disease	I-disease
,	O
and	O
various	O
cancers.	O

numerous	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
evaluated	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
type	O
2	O
diabetes,	O
coronary	O
heart	O
disease,	O
and	O
various	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

several	O
early	O
studies	O
suggested	O
that	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
could	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
marked	O
increase	O
in	O
risk	O
of	O
coronary	B-disease
heart	I-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
several	O
types	O
of	O
cancer.	O

several	O
early	O
studies	O
suggested	O
that	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
could	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
marked	O
increase	O
in	O
risk	O
of	O
coronary	O
heart	O
disease	O
and	O
several	O
types	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

however,	O
evidence	O
has	O
been	O
accumulating	O
that	O
frequent	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
may	O
reduce	O
risk	O
of	O
type	B-disease
2	I-disease
diabetes	I-disease
and	O
liver	O
cancer.	O

however,	O
evidence	O
has	O
been	O
accumulating	O
that	O
frequent	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
may	O
reduce	O
risk	O
of	O
type	O
2	O
diabetes	O
and	O
liver	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

in	O
sum,	O
the	O
currently	O
available	O
evidence	O
on	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
risk	O
of	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
and	O
cancer	O
is	O
largely	O
reassuring,	O
and	O
suggests	O
that,	O
for	O
the	O
general	O
population,	O
addressing	O
other	O
health-related	O
behaviors	O
has	O
priority	O
for	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
chronic	O
diseases.	O

in	O
sum,	O
the	O
currently	O
available	O
evidence	O
on	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
risk	O
of	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases	O
and	O
cancer	B-disease
is	O
largely	O
reassuring,	O
and	O
suggests	O
that,	O
for	O
the	O
general	O
population,	O
addressing	O
other	O
health-related	O
behaviors	O
has	O
priority	O
for	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
chronic	O
diseases.	O

in	O
sum,	O
the	O
currently	O
available	O
evidence	O
on	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
risk	O
of	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases	O
and	O
cancer	O
is	O
largely	O
reassuring,	O
and	O
suggests	O
that,	O
for	O
the	O
general	O
population,	O
addressing	O
other	O
health-related	O
behaviors	O
has	O
priority	O
for	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
chronic	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
.	O

estrogen	O
activities	O
and	O
the	O
cellular	O
effects	O
of	O
natural	O
progesterone	O
from	O
wild	O
yam	B-plant
extract	O
in	O
mcf-7	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells.	O

we	O
studied	O
the	O
estrogenic	O
activity	O
and	O
cellular	O
effect	O
of	O
wild	O
yam	B-plant
extract	O
in	O
mcf-7	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells.	O

these	O
data	O
indicate	O
that	O
wild	O
yam	B-plant
extract	O
acts	O
as	O
a	O
weak	O
phytoestrogen	O
and	O
protects	O
against	O
proliferation	O
in	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
mcf-7	O
cells.	O

relationship	O
between	O
long-term	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
metabolic	B-disease
syndrome	I-disease
:	O
the	O
amsterdam	O
growth	O
and	O
health	O
longitudinal	O
study.	O

it	O
is	O
known	O
that	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
dm	B-disease
ii	I-disease
can	O
be	O
decreased	O
by	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption.	O

therefore,	O
we	O
examined	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
metabolic	B-disease
syndrome	I-disease
.	O

prospective	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
amsterdam	O
growth	O
and	O
health	O
longitudinal	O
study	O
(agahls)	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
analyse	O
the	O
associations	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
(averaged	O
over	O
a	O
period	O
from	O
27	O
till	O
42	O
years)	O
and	O
the	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
metabolic	B-disease
syndrome	I-disease
(at	O
the	O
age	O
of	O
42	O
years).	O

for	O
men,	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
was	O
not	O
associated	O
with	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
metabolic	B-disease
syndrome	I-disease
.	O

the	O
species	O
of	O
passiflora	B-plant
are	O
popularly	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
sedative	O
or	O
tranquillizer,	O
and	O
also	O
against	O
intermittent	O
fever	O
and	O
skin	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
.	O

the	O
species	O
of	O
passiflora	B-plant
are	O
popularly	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
sedative	O
or	O
tranquillizer,	O
and	O
also	O
against	O
intermittent	O
fever	B-disease
and	O
skin	O
inflammation.	O

in	O
this	O
study	O
we	O
evaluated	O
the	O
anti-inflammatory	O
activity	O
of	O
four	O
sub-fractions	O
and	O
three	O
isolated	O
compounds	O
from	O
the	O
butanolic	O
fraction	O
of	O
p.	B-plant
edulis	I-plant
var.	I-plant
flavicarpa	I-plant
leaves,	O
using	O
the	O
mouse	O
model	O
of	O
pleurisy	B-disease
induced	O
by	O
carrageenan.	O

the	O
present	O
study	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
c-glucosylflavones	O
isolated	O
from	O
p.	B-plant
edulis	I-plant
leaves	O
can	O
be	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
anti-inflammatory	O
effect	O
of	O
p.	B-plant
edulis	I-plant
on	O
the	O
mouse	O
model	O
of	O
pleurisy	B-disease
.	O

the	O
present	O
study	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
c-glucosylflavones	O
isolated	O
from	O
p.	B-plant
edulis	I-plant
leaves	O
can	O
be	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
anti-inflammatory	O
effect	O
of	O
p.	B-plant
edulis	I-plant
on	O
the	O
mouse	O
model	O
of	O
pleurisy	B-disease
.	O

chinese	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
ameliorates	O
lung	B-disease
injury	I-disease
in	O
cigarette	O
smoke-exposed	O
rats.	O

this	O
study	O
was	O
to	O
investigate	O
whether	O
cigarette	O
smoke	O
(cs)	O
exposure	O
would	O
induce	O
lung	O
morphological	O
changes	O
and	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
in	O
the	O
cs-exposed	O
rat	O
model,	O
and	O
whether	O
chinese	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
(lung	O
chen	O
tea	O
with	O
egcg	O
as	O
its	O
main	O
active	O
ingredient)	O
consumption	O
would	O
alter	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
in	O
sera	O
and	O
lung	O
leading	O
to	O
protection	O
of	O
cs-induced	O
lung	B-disease
damage	I-disease
.	O

this	O
study	O
was	O
to	O
investigate	O
whether	O
cigarette	O
smoke	O
(cs)	O
exposure	O
would	O
induce	O
lung	O
morphological	O
changes	O
and	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
in	O
the	O
cs-exposed	O
rat	O
model,	O
and	O
whether	O
chinese	O
green	O
tea	B-plant
(lung	O
chen	O
tea	B-plant
with	O
egcg	O
as	O
its	O
main	O
active	O
ingredient)	O
consumption	O
would	O
alter	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
in	O
sera	O
and	O
lung	O
leading	O
to	O
protection	O
of	O
cs-induced	O
lung	B-disease
damage	I-disease
.	O

results:	O
airspace	O
enlargement	O
and	O
goblet	B-disease
cell	I-disease
hyperplasia	I-disease
were	O
observed	O
after	O
56-day	O
cs	O
exposure	O
alone,	O
which	O
were	O
abolished	O
in	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption.	O

chinese	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
may	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
suppress	O
cs-induced	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
that	O
leads	O
to	O
protection	O
of	O
lung	B-disease
injury	I-disease
.	O
.	O

olive	B-plant
oil	O
consumption	O
is	O
protective	O
against	O
risk	O
factors	O
for	O
cardiovascular	O
and	O
cancer	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
.	O
.	O

olive	B-plant
oil	O
consumption	O
is	O
protective	O
against	O
risk	O
factors	O
for	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
and	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
diseases	I-disease
.	O
.	O

garlic	B-plant
is	O
generally	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
therapeutic	O
reagent	O
against	O
various	O
diseases,	O
and	O
numerous	O
studies	O
have	O
indicated	O
that	O
garlic	O
and	O
its	O
derivatives	O
can	O
reduce	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
various	O
types	O
of	O
human	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

garlic	O
is	O
generally	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
therapeutic	O
reagent	O
against	O
various	O
diseases,	O
and	O
numerous	O
studies	O
have	O
indicated	O
that	O
garlic	B-plant
and	O
its	O
derivatives	O
can	O
reduce	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
various	O
types	O
of	O
human	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

diallyl	O
trisulfide	O
(dats),	O
a	O
major	O
member	O
of	O
garlic	B-plant
derivatives,	O
could	O
inhibit	O
the	O
cell	O
proliferation	O
by	O
triggering	O
either	O
cell	O
cycle	O
arrest	O
or	O
apoptosis	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
cell	O
lines	O
as	O
shown	O
in	O
many	O
studies.	O

background:	O
garlic	B-plant
or	O
allium	O
sativum	O
(as)	O
shows	O
therapeutic	O
effects	O
such	O
as	O
reduction	O
of	O
blood	O
pressure	O
or	O
hypercholesterolemia	B-disease
but	O
side-effects	O
on	O
reproductive	O
functions	O
remain	O
poorly	O
investigated.	O

background:	O
garlic	O
or	O
allium	B-plant
sativum	I-plant
(as)	O
shows	O
therapeutic	O
effects	O
such	O
as	O
reduction	O
of	O
blood	O
pressure	O
or	O
hypercholesterolemia	B-disease
but	O
side-effects	O
on	O
reproductive	O
functions	O
remain	O
poorly	O
investigated.	O

background:	O
garlic	O
or	O
allium	O
sativum	O
(	O
as	B-plant
)	O
shows	O
therapeutic	O
effects	O
such	O
as	O
reduction	O
of	O
blood	O
pressure	O
or	O
hypercholesterolemia	B-disease
but	O
side-effects	O
on	O
reproductive	O
functions	O
remain	O
poorly	O
investigated.	O

induction	O
of	O
apoptosis	O
by	O
tea	B-plant
polyphenols	O
mediated	O
through	O
mitochondrial	O
cell	O
death	O
pathway	O
in	O
mouse	O
skin	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
.	O

in	O
the	O
present	O
study,	O
cancer	B-disease
chemopreventive	O
properties	O
of	O
both	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
polyphenols	O
(btp)	O
and	O
green	O
tea	O
polyphenols	O
(gtp)	O
on	O
7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene	O
(dmba)	O
induced	O
mouse	O
skin	O
carcinogenesis	O
were	O
studied.	O

in	O
the	O
present	O
study,	O
cancer	O
chemopreventive	O
properties	O
of	O
both	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
polyphenols	O
(btp)	O
and	O
green	O
tea	O
polyphenols	O
(gtp)	O
on	O
7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene	O
(dmba)	O
induced	O
mouse	O
skin	B-disease
carcinogenesis	I-disease
were	O
studied.	O

in	O
the	O
present	O
study,	O
cancer	B-disease
chemopreventive	O
properties	O
of	O
both	O
black	O
tea	O
polyphenols	O
(btp)	O
and	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
polyphenols	O
(gtp)	O
on	O
7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene	O
(dmba)	O
induced	O
mouse	O
skin	O
carcinogenesis	O
were	O
studied.	O

in	O
the	O
present	O
study,	O
cancer	O
chemopreventive	O
properties	O
of	O
both	O
black	O
tea	O
polyphenols	O
(btp)	O
and	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
polyphenols	O
(gtp)	O
on	O
7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene	O
(dmba)	O
induced	O
mouse	O
skin	B-disease
carcinogenesis	I-disease
were	O
studied.	O

thus,	O
we	O
can	O
conclude	O
that	O
the	O
polyphenolic	O
constituents	O
present	O
in	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
and	O
green	O
tea	O
induce	O
mitochondrial	O
pathway	O
of	O
apoptosis	O
and	O
hence	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
potential	O
chemopreventive	O
agents	O
against	O
skin	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

thus,	O
we	O
can	O
conclude	O
that	O
the	O
polyphenolic	O
constituents	O
present	O
in	O
black	O
tea	O
and	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
induce	O
mitochondrial	O
pathway	O
of	O
apoptosis	O
and	O
hence	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
potential	O
chemopreventive	O
agents	O
against	O
skin	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

background:	O
consumption	O
of	O
plantago	B-plant
ovata	I-plant
may	O
protect	O
against	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

to	O
test	O
this	O
hypothesis,	O
an	O
ecological	O
study	O
was	O
performed	O
to	O
determine	O
mortality	O
rates	O
and	O
distribution	O
of	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
and	O
the	O
consumption	O
and	O
distribution	O
of	O
p	B-plant
ovata	I-plant
,	O
in	O
different	O
provinces	O
in	O
spain.	O

the	O
putative	O
association	O
between	O
p	B-plant
ovata	I-plant
consumption	O
and	O
mortality	O
from	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
was	O
then	O
evaluated.	O

methods:	O
we	O
conducted	O
a	O
comparative	O
ecological	O
study	O
of	O
spanish	O
provinces,	O
with	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
mortality	O
as	O
the	O
dependent	O
variable	O
and	O
per	O
capita	O
consumption	O
of	O
p	B-plant
ovata	I-plant
by	O
province	O
and	O
year	O
as	O
the	O
independent	O
variable.	O

results:	O
consumption	O
of	O
p	B-plant
ovata	I-plant
tended	O
to	O
be	O
inversely	O
correlated	O
with	O
mortality	O
from	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

conclusions:	O
our	O
results	O
show	O
an	O
inverse	O
trend	O
between	O
the	O
consumption	O
of	O
p	B-plant
ovata	I-plant
and	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
mortality.	O

neuroprotective	O
evaluation	O
of	O
extract	O
of	O
ginger	B-plant
(zingiber	O
officinale)	O
root	O
in	O
monosodium	O
glutamate-induced	O
toxicity	B-disease
in	O
different	O
brain	O
areas	O
male	O
albino	O
rats.	O

neuroprotective	O
evaluation	O
of	O
extract	O
of	O
ginger	O
(	O
zingiber	B-plant
officinale	I-plant
)	O
root	O
in	O
monosodium	O
glutamate-induced	O
toxicity	B-disease
in	O
different	O
brain	O
areas	O
male	O
albino	O
rats.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
the	O
neuroprotective	O
effect	O
of	O
the	O
extract	O
of	O
ginger	B-plant
(zingiber	O
officinale)	O
was	O
investigated	O
against	O
msg-induced	O
neurotoxicity	B-disease
of	O
male	O
albino	O
rat.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
the	O
neuroprotective	O
effect	O
of	O
the	O
extract	O
of	O
ginger	O
(	O
zingiber	B-plant
officinale	I-plant
)	O
was	O
investigated	O
against	O
msg-induced	O
neurotoxicity	B-disease
of	O
male	O
albino	O
rat.	O

from	O
these	O
results,	O
we	O
can	O
say	O
that	O
the	O
ginger	B-plant
extract	O
has	O
a	O
neuroprotective	O
role	O
against	O
monosodium	O
glutamate	O
toxicity	B-disease
effect.	O
.	O

green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
and	O
death	O
from	O
pneumonia	B-disease
in	O
japan:	O
the	O
ohsaki	O
cohort	O
study.	O

no	O
data	O
are	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
pneumonia	B-disease
in	O
humans.	O

objective:	O
we	O
examined	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption	O
and	O
death	O
from	O
pneumonia	B-disease
in	O
humans.	O

we	O
excluded	O
participants	O
for	O
whom	O
data	O
on	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption	O
frequency	O
were	O
missing	O
or	O
who	O
had	O
reported	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
myocardial	O
infarction,	O
stroke,	O
and	O
extreme	O
daily	O
energy	O
intake	O
at	O
baseline.	O

we	O
excluded	O
participants	O
for	O
whom	O
data	O
on	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption	O
frequency	O
were	O
missing	O
or	O
who	O
had	O
reported	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
cancer,	O
myocardial	B-disease
infarction	I-disease
,	O
stroke,	O
and	O
extreme	O
daily	O
energy	O
intake	O
at	O
baseline.	O

we	O
excluded	O
participants	O
for	O
whom	O
data	O
on	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption	O
frequency	O
were	O
missing	O
or	O
who	O
had	O
reported	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
cancer,	O
myocardial	O
infarction,	O
stroke	B-disease
,	O
and	O
extreme	O
daily	O
energy	O
intake	O
at	O
baseline.	O

we	O
used	O
cox	O
proportional	O
hazards	O
regression	O
analysis	O
to	O
calculate	O
hazard	O
ratios	O
(hrs)	O
and	O
their	O
95%	O
cis	O
for	O
death	O
from	O
pneumonia	B-disease
according	O
to	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption.	O

in	O
women,	O
the	O
multivariate	O
hrs	O
of	O
death	O
from	O
pneumonia	B-disease
that	O
were	O
associated	O
with	O
different	O
frequencies	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption	O
were	O
1.00	O
(reference)	O
for	O
<1	O
cup/d,	O
0.59	O
(95%	O
ci:	O
0.36,	O
0.98)	O
for	O
1-2	O
cups/d,	O
0.55	O
(95%	O
ci:	O
0.33,	O
0.91)	O
for	O
3-4	O
cups/d,	O
and	O
0.53	O
(95%	O
ci:	O
0.33,	O
0.83)	O
for	O
>	O
or	O
=5	O
cups/d,	O
respectively	O
(p	O
for	O
trend:	O
0.008).	O

conclusion:	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
lower	O
risk	O
of	O
death	O
from	O
pneumonia	B-disease
in	O
japanese	O
women.	O

recent	O
studies	O
have	O
documented	O
a	O
role	O
for	O
stabilized	O
rice	B-plant
bran	O
(srb)	O
in	O
treating	O
diabetes	B-disease
and	O
arthritis,	O
although	O
little	O
is	O
known	O
of	O
the	O
bioactive	O
compounds	O
that	O
impart	O
these	O
health	O
benefits.	O

recent	O
studies	O
have	O
documented	O
a	O
role	O
for	O
stabilized	O
rice	B-plant
bran	O
(srb)	O
in	O
treating	O
diabetes	O
and	O
arthritis	B-disease
,	O
although	O
little	O
is	O
known	O
of	O
the	O
bioactive	O
compounds	O
that	O
impart	O
these	O
health	O
benefits.	O

recent	O
studies	O
have	O
documented	O
a	O
role	O
for	O
stabilized	O
rice	O
bran	O
(	O
srb	B-plant
)	O
in	O
treating	O
diabetes	B-disease
and	O
arthritis,	O
although	O
little	O
is	O
known	O
of	O
the	O
bioactive	O
compounds	O
that	O
impart	O
these	O
health	O
benefits.	O

recent	O
studies	O
have	O
documented	O
a	O
role	O
for	O
stabilized	O
rice	O
bran	O
(	O
srb	B-plant
)	O
in	O
treating	O
diabetes	O
and	O
arthritis	B-disease
,	O
although	O
little	O
is	O
known	O
of	O
the	O
bioactive	O
compounds	O
that	O
impart	O
these	O
health	O
benefits.	O

here	O
we	O
characterize	O
the	O
chemical	O
composition	O
of	O
three	O
extracts	O
of	O
srb	B-plant
and	O
identify	O
the	O
functional	O
bioactives	O
contributing	O
to	O
the	O
inhibitory	O
properties	O
against	O
three	O
key	O
pro-inflammatory	O
enzymes	O
(cyclooxygenase	O
[cox]	O
1,	O
cox2,	O
and	O
5-lipoxygenase	O
[5-lox])	O
that	O
control	O
the	O
inflammatory	O
cascade	O
involved	O
in	O
impaired	O
joint	O
health,	O
pain,	O
and	O
arthritis	B-disease
.	O

here	O
we	O
characterize	O
the	O
chemical	O
composition	O
of	O
three	O
extracts	O
of	O
srb	B-plant
and	O
identify	O
the	O
functional	O
bioactives	O
contributing	O
to	O
the	O
inhibitory	O
properties	O
against	O
three	O
key	O
pro-inflammatory	O
enzymes	O
(cyclooxygenase	O
[cox]	O
1,	O
cox2,	O
and	O
5-lipoxygenase	O
[5-lox])	O
that	O
control	O
the	O
inflammatory	O
cascade	O
involved	O
in	O
impaired	O
joint	O
health,	O
pain	B-disease
,	O
and	O
arthritis.	O

these	O
srb	B-plant
extracts	O
have	O
applications	O
for	O
functional	O
foods	O
and	O
dietary	O
supplements	O
for	O
control	O
of	O
inflammation	B-disease
and	O
joint	O
health.	O

systematic	O
review	O
of	O
the	O
relation	O
between	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
and	O
cancer	B-disease
in	O
europe	O
and	O
north	O
america.	O

background:	O
interest	O
is	O
rising	O
in	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
as	O
a	O
safer	O
alternative	O
to	O
smoking,	O
but	O
published	O
reviews	O
on	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
and	O
cancer	B-disease
are	O
limited.	O

background:	O
interest	O
is	O
rising	O
in	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
as	O
a	O
safer	O
alternative	O
to	O
smoking,	O
but	O
published	O
reviews	O
on	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
and	O
cancer	B-disease
are	O
limited.	O

methods:	O
we	O
obtained	O
papers	O
from	O
medline	O
searches,	O
published	O
reviews	O
and	O
secondary	O
references	O
describing	O
epidemiological	O
cohort	O
and	O
case-control	O
studies	O
relating	O
any	O
form	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
to	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use.	O

for	O
each	O
study,	O
details	O
were	O
abstracted	O
on	O
design,	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
exposure,	O
cancers	B-disease
studied,	O
analysis	O
methods	O
and	O
adjustment	O
for	O
smoking	O
and	O
other	O
factors.	O

for	O
seven	O
cancers	B-disease
,	O
smoking-attributable	O
deaths	O
in	O
us	O
men	O
in	O
2005	O
were	O
compared	O
with	O
deaths	O
attributable	O
to	O
introducing	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
into	O
a	O
population	O
of	O
never-smoking	O
men.	O

some	O
meta-analyses	O
suggest	O
a	O
possible	O
effect	O
for	O
oesophagus,	O
pancreas,	O
larynx	O
and	O
kidney	O
cancer,	O
but	O
other	O
cancers	B-disease
show	O
no	O
effect	O
of	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
.	O

some	O
meta-analyses	O
suggest	O
a	O
possible	O
effect	O
for	O
oesophagus,	O
pancreas,	O
larynx	O
and	O
kidney	B-disease
cance	I-disease
r,	O
but	O
other	O
cancers	O
show	O
no	O
effect	O
of	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
.	O

some	O
meta-analyses	O
suggest	O
a	O
possible	O
effect	O
for	O
oesophagus,	B-disease
pancreas,	I-disease
larynx	I-disease
and	I-disease
kidney	I-disease
cance	I-disease
r,	O
but	O
other	O
cancers	O
show	O
no	O
effect	O
of	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
.	O

some	O
meta-analyses	O
suggest	O
a	O
possible	O
effect	O
for	O
oesophagus,	O
pancreas,	B-disease
larynx	I-disease
and	I-disease
kidney	I-disease
cance	I-disease
r,	O
but	O
other	O
cancers	O
show	O
no	O
effect	O
of	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
.	O

some	O
meta-analyses	O
suggest	O
a	O
possible	O
effect	O
for	O
oesophagus,	O
pancreas,	O
larynx	B-disease
and	I-disease
kidney	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
but	O
other	O
cancers	O
show	O
no	O
effect	O
of	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
.	O

conclusion:	O
an	O
increased	O
risk	O
of	O
oropharyngeal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
is	O
evident	O
most	O
clearly	O
for	O
past	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
in	O
the	O
usa,	O
but	O
not	O
for	O
scandinavian	O
snuff.	O

effects	O
of	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
on	O
other	O
cancers	B-disease
are	O
not	O
clearly	O
demonstrated.	O

antitumor	O
effects	O
of	O
a	O
water-soluble	O
extract	O
from	O
maitake	B-plant
(grifola	O
frondosa)	O
on	O
human	O
gastric	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cell	O
lines.	O

antitumor	O
effects	O
of	O
a	O
water-soluble	O
extract	O
from	O
maitake	O
(	O
grifola	B-plant
frondosa	I-plant
)	O
on	O
human	O
gastric	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cell	O
lines.	O

we	O
investigated	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
a	O
water-soluble	O
extract	O
of	O
maitake	O
(grifola	O
frondosa),	O
a	O
japanese	O
edible	O
mushroom	B-plant
,	O
on	O
the	O
proliferation	O
and	O
cell	O
death	O
of	O
four	O
human	O
gastric	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cell	O
lines	O
(tmk-1,	O
mkn28,	O
mkn45	O
and	O
mkn74).	O

we	O
investigated	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
a	O
water-soluble	O
extract	O
of	O
maitake	B-plant
(grifola	O
frondosa),	O
a	O
japanese	O
edible	O
mushroom,	O
on	O
the	O
proliferation	O
and	O
cell	O
death	O
of	O
four	O
human	O
gastric	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cell	O
lines	O
(tmk-1,	O
mkn28,	O
mkn45	O
and	O
mkn74).	O

we	O
investigated	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
a	O
water-soluble	O
extract	O
of	O
maitake	O
(	O
grifola	B-plant
frondosa	I-plant
),	O
a	O
japanese	O
edible	O
mushroom,	O
on	O
the	O
proliferation	O
and	O
cell	O
death	O
of	O
four	O
human	O
gastric	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cell	O
lines	O
(tmk-1,	O
mkn28,	O
mkn45	O
and	O
mkn74).	O

taken	O
together,	O
these	O
results	O
suggest	O
that	O
me	B-plant
induces	O
apoptosis	O
of	O
tmk-1	O
cells	O
by	O
caspase-3-dependent	O
and	O
-independent	O
pathways,	O
resulting	O
in	O
potential	O
antitumor	O
effects	O
on	O
<ena	O
me	B-plant
x	O
gastric	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
</ena	I-disease
me	B-plant
x>	O
.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
intake	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
lower	O
rates	O
of	O
liver	B-disease
disease	I-disease
progression	O
in	O
chronic	O
hepatitis	O
c.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
intake	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
lower	O
rates	O
of	O
liver	O
disease	O
progression	O
in	O
chronic	B-disease
hepatitis	I-disease
c	I-disease
.	O

higher	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
has	O
been	O
associated	O
inversely	O
with	O
the	O
incidence	O
of	O
chronic	B-disease
liver	I-disease
disease	I-disease
in	O
population	O
studies.	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
relationship	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
with	O
liver	B-disease
disease	I-disease
progression	O
in	O
individuals	O
with	O
advanced	O
hepatitis	O
c-related	O
liver	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
relationship	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
with	O
liver	B-disease
disease	I-disease
progression	O
in	O
individuals	O
with	O
advanced	O
hepatitis	O
c-related	O
liver	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

we	O
examined	O
the	O
relationship	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
with	O
liver	O
disease	O
progression	O
in	O
individuals	O
with	O
advanced	O
hepatitis	B-disease
c	I-disease
-related	O
liver	O
disease.	O

baseline	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
tea	O
intake	O
were	O
assessed	O
in	O
766	O
participants	O
of	O
the	O
hepatitis	O
c	O
antiviral	O
long-term	O
treatment	O
against	O
cirrhosis	B-disease
(halt-c)	O
trial	O
who	O
had	O
hepatitis	O
c-related	O
bridging	O
fibrosis	O
or	O
cirrhosis	O
on	O
liver	O
biopsy	O
and	O
failed	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
sustained	O
virological	O
response	O
to	O
peginterferon	O
plus	O
ribavirin	O
treatment.	O

baseline	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
tea	O
intake	O
were	O
assessed	O
in	O
766	O
participants	O
of	O
the	O
hepatitis	O
c	O
antiviral	O
long-term	O
treatment	O
against	O
cirrhosis	O
(halt-c)	O
trial	O
who	O
had	O
hepatitis	O
c-related	O
bridging	O
fibrosis	O
or	O
cirrhosis	B-disease
on	O
liver	O
biopsy	O
and	O
failed	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
sustained	O
virological	O
response	O
to	O
peginterferon	O
plus	O
ribavirin	O
treatment.	O

baseline	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
tea	O
intake	O
were	O
assessed	O
in	O
766	O
participants	O
of	O
the	O
hepatitis	O
c	O
antiviral	O
long-term	O
treatment	O
against	O
cirrhosis	O
(halt-c)	O
trial	O
who	O
had	O
hepatitis	O
c-related	O
bridging	O
fibrosis	B-disease
or	O
cirrhosis	O
on	O
liver	O
biopsy	O
and	O
failed	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
sustained	O
virological	O
response	O
to	O
peginterferon	O
plus	O
ribavirin	O
treatment.	O

baseline	O
coffee	O
and	O
tea	B-plant
intake	O
were	O
assessed	O
in	O
766	O
participants	O
of	O
the	O
hepatitis	O
c	O
antiviral	O
long-term	O
treatment	O
against	O
cirrhosis	B-disease
(halt-c)	O
trial	O
who	O
had	O
hepatitis	O
c-related	O
bridging	O
fibrosis	O
or	O
cirrhosis	O
on	O
liver	O
biopsy	O
and	O
failed	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
sustained	O
virological	O
response	O
to	O
peginterferon	O
plus	O
ribavirin	O
treatment.	O

baseline	O
coffee	O
and	O
tea	B-plant
intake	O
were	O
assessed	O
in	O
766	O
participants	O
of	O
the	O
hepatitis	O
c	O
antiviral	O
long-term	O
treatment	O
against	O
cirrhosis	O
(halt-c)	O
trial	O
who	O
had	O
hepatitis	O
c-related	O
bridging	O
fibrosis	O
or	O
cirrhosis	B-disease
on	O
liver	O
biopsy	O
and	O
failed	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
sustained	O
virological	O
response	O
to	O
peginterferon	O
plus	O
ribavirin	O
treatment.	O

baseline	O
coffee	O
and	O
tea	B-plant
intake	O
were	O
assessed	O
in	O
766	O
participants	O
of	O
the	O
hepatitis	O
c	O
antiviral	O
long-term	O
treatment	O
against	O
cirrhosis	O
(halt-c)	O
trial	O
who	O
had	O
hepatitis	O
c-related	O
bridging	O
fibrosis	B-disease
or	O
cirrhosis	O
on	O
liver	O
biopsy	O
and	O
failed	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
sustained	O
virological	O
response	O
to	O
peginterferon	O
plus	O
ribavirin	O
treatment.	O

at	O
baseline,	O
higher	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
less	O
severe	O
steatosis	B-disease
on	O
biopsy,	O
lower	O
serum	O
aspartate	O
aminotransferase	O
(ast)/alanine	O
aminotransferase	O
(alt)	O
ratio,	O
alpha-fetoprotein,	O
insulin,	O
and	O
homeostatic	O
model	O
assessment	O
(homa2)	O
score,	O
and	O
higher	O
albumin	O
(p	O
<	O
0.05	O
for	O
all).	O

conclusion:	O
in	O
a	O
large	O
prospective	O
study	O
of	O
participants	O
with	O
advanced	O
hepatitis	O
c-related	O
liver	B-disease
disease	I-disease
,	O
regular	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
lower	O
rates	O
of	O
disease	O
progression.	O

conclusion:	O
in	O
a	O
large	O
prospective	O
study	O
of	O
participants	O
with	O
advanced	O
hepatitis	B-disease
c	I-disease
-related	O
liver	O
disease,	O
regular	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
lower	O
rates	O
of	O
disease	O
progression.	O
.	O

hawthorn	B-plant
extract	O
reduces	O
infarct	O
volume	O
and	O
improves	O
neurological	O
score	O
by	O
reducing	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
in	O
rat	O
brain	O
following	O
middle	B-disease
cerebral	I-disease
artery	I-disease
occlusion	I-disease
.	O
.	O

hawthorn	B-plant
extract	O
reduces	O
infarct	B-disease
volume	O
and	O
improves	O
neurological	O
score	O
by	O
reducing	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
in	O
rat	O
brain	O
following	O
middle	O
cerebral	O
artery	O
occlusion.	O

in	O
our	O
present	O
investigation	O
the	O
neuroprotective	O
effect	O
of	O
alcoholic	O
extract	O
of	O
hawthorn	B-plant
(crataegus	O
oxycantha)	O
was	O
evaluated	O
against	O
middle	B-disease
cerebral	I-disease
artery	I-disease
occlusion	I-disease
induced	O
ischemia/reperfusion	O
injury	O
in	O
rats.	O

in	O
our	O
present	O
investigation	O
the	O
neuroprotective	O
effect	O
of	O
alcoholic	O
extract	O
of	O
hawthorn	B-plant
(crataegus	O
oxycantha)	O
was	O
evaluated	O
against	O
middle	O
cerebral	O
artery	O
occlusion	O
induced	O
ischemia/reperfusion	B-disease
injury	I-disease
in	O
rats.	O

in	O
our	O
present	O
investigation	O
the	O
neuroprotective	O
effect	O
of	O
alcoholic	O
extract	O
of	O
hawthorn	O
(	O
crataegus	B-plant
oxycantha	I-plant
)	O
was	O
evaluated	O
against	O
middle	B-disease
cerebral	I-disease
artery	I-disease
occlusion	I-disease
induced	O
ischemia/reperfusion	O
injury	O
in	O
rats.	O

in	O
our	O
present	O
investigation	O
the	O
neuroprotective	O
effect	O
of	O
alcoholic	O
extract	O
of	O
hawthorn	O
(	O
crataegus	B-plant
oxycantha	I-plant
)	O
was	O
evaluated	O
against	O
middle	O
cerebral	O
artery	O
occlusion	O
induced	O
ischemia/reperfusion	B-disease
injury	I-disease
in	O
rats.	O

conclusion:	O
our	O
results	O
suggest	O
that	O
hawthorn	B-plant
extract	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
well	O
known	O
prophylactic	O
for	O
cardiac	O
conditions	O
may	O
very	O
well	O
protect	O
the	O
brain	O
against	O
ischemia-reperfusion	B-disease
.	O

the	O
reduced	O
brain	B-disease
damage	I-disease
and	O
improved	O
neurological	O
behavior	O
after	O
24	O
h	O
of	O
reperfusion	O
in	O
hawthorn	B-plant
extract	O
pretreated	O
group	O
may	O
be	O
attributed	O
to	O
its	O
antioxidant	O
property	O
which	O
restores	O
glutathione	O
levels,	O
circumvents	O
the	O
increase	O
in	O
lipid	O
peroxidation	O
and	O
nitric	O
oxide	O
levels	O
thereby	O
reducing	O
peroxynitrite	O
formation	O
and	O
free	O
radical	O
induced	O
brain	B-disease
damage	I-disease
.	O

the	O
reduced	O
brain	O
damage	O
and	O
improved	O
neurological	O
behavior	O
after	O
24	O
h	O
of	O
reperfusion	B-disease
in	O
hawthorn	B-plant
extract	O
pretreated	O
group	O
may	O
be	O
attributed	O
to	O
its	O
antioxidant	O
property	O
which	O
restores	O
glutathione	O
levels,	O
circumvents	O
the	O
increase	O
in	O
lipid	O
peroxidation	O
and	O
nitric	O
oxide	O
levels	O
thereby	O
reducing	O
peroxynitrite	O
formation	O
and	O
free	O
radical	O
induced	O
brain	O
damage.	O

the	O
reduced	O
brain	B-disease
damage	I-disease
and	O
improved	O
neurological	O
behavior	O
after	O
24	O
h	O
of	O
reperfusion	O
in	O
hawthorn	B-plant
extract	O
pretreated	O
group	O
may	O
be	O
attributed	O
to	O
its	O
antioxidant	O
property	O
which	O
restores	O
glutathione	O
levels,	O
circumvents	O
the	O
increase	O
in	O
lipid	O
peroxidation	O
and	O
nitric	O
oxide	O
levels	O
thereby	O
reducing	O
peroxynitrite	O
formation	O
and	O
free	O
radical	O
induced	O
brain	B-disease
damage	I-disease
.	O

the	O
mediterranean	O
diet,	O
in	O
which	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
is	O
the	O
primary	O
source	O
of	O
fat,	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
low	O
mortality	O
for	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

data	O
concerning	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
consumption	O
and	O
primary	O
end	O
points	O
for	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
are	O
scarce.	O

the	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
benefits	O
associated	O
with	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
consumption	O
could	O
contribute	O
to	O
explaining	O
the	O
low	O
rate	O
of	O
cardiovascular	O
mortality	O
found	O
in	O
southern	O
european-mediterranean	O
countries,	O
in	O
comparison	O
with	O
other	O
westernized	O
countries,	O
despite	O
a	O
high	O
prevalence	O
of	O
coronary	B-disease
heart	I-disease
disease	I-disease
risk	O
factors.	O

the	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
benefits	O
associated	O
with	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
consumption	O
could	O
contribute	O
to	O
explaining	O
the	O
low	O
rate	O
of	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
mortality	I-disease
found	O
in	O
southern	O
european-mediterranean	O
countries,	O
in	O
comparison	O
with	O
other	O
westernized	O
countries,	O
despite	O
a	O
high	O
prevalence	O
of	O
coronary	O
heart	O
disease	O
risk	O
factors.	O

effective	O
tobacco	B-plant
control	O
efforts	O
have	O
resulted	O
in	O
substantial	O
declines	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
deaths	O
in	O
the	O
united	O
states.	O

effective	O
tobacco	B-plant
control	O
efforts	O
have	O
resulted	O
in	O
substantial	O
declines	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
deaths	O
in	O
the	O
united	O
states.	O

effective	O
tobacco	B-plant
control	O
efforts	O
have	O
resulted	O
in	O
substantial	O
declines	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
deaths	O
in	O
the	O
united	O
states.	O

[clinical	O
observation	O
on	O
therapeutic	O
effect	O
of	O
combination	O
of	O
acupuncture	O
and	O
ginger	B-plant
-partition	O
moxibustion	O
for	O
treatment	O
of	O
patients	O
with	O
cardiac	B-disease
arrhythmia	I-disease
].	O

objective:	O
to	O
compare	O
the	O
therapeutic	O
effect	O
of	O
the	O
combined	O
method	O
of	O
acupuncture	O
and	O
ginger	B-plant
-partition	O
moxibustion	O
with	O
that	O
of	O
routine	O
western	O
medicine	O
on	O
the	O
patients	O
with	O
cardiac	B-disease
arrhythmia	I-disease
.	O

conclusion:	O
the	O
therapeutic	O
effect	O
of	O
the	O
combined	O
method	O
of	O
acupuncture	O
and	O
ginger	B-plant
-partition	O
moxibustion	O
on	O
the	O
patients	O
with	O
cardiac	B-disease
arrhythmia	I-disease
is	O
obviously	O
better	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
routine	O
western	O
medicine.	O

confronting	O
a	O
neglected	O
epidemic:	O
tobacco	B-plant
cessation	O
for	O
persons	O
with	O
mental	B-disease
illnesses	I-disease
and	O
substance	O
abuse	O
problems.	O

confronting	O
a	O
neglected	O
epidemic:	O
tobacco	B-plant
cessation	O
for	O
persons	O
with	O
mental	O
illnesses	O
and	O
substance	B-disease
abuse	I-disease
problems	I-disease
.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
use	O
exerts	O
a	O
huge	O
toll	O
on	O
persons	O
with	O
mental	O
illnesses	O
and	O
substance	B-disease
abuse	I-disease
disorders	I-disease
,	O
accounting	O
for	O
200,000	O
of	O
the	O
annual	O
443,000	O
annual	O
tobacco-related	O
deaths	O
in	O
the	O
united	O
states.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
use	O
exerts	O
a	O
huge	O
toll	O
on	O
persons	O
with	O
mental	B-disease
illnesses	I-disease
and	O
substance	O
abuse	O
disorders,	O
accounting	O
for	O
200,000	O
of	O
the	O
annual	O
443,000	O
annual	O
tobacco-related	O
deaths	O
in	O
the	O
united	O
states.	O

tobacco	O
use	O
exerts	O
a	O
huge	O
toll	O
on	O
persons	O
with	O
mental	O
illnesses	O
and	O
substance	B-disease
abuse	I-disease
disorders	I-disease
,	O
accounting	O
for	O
200,000	O
of	O
the	O
annual	O
443,000	O
annual	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
deaths	O
in	O
the	O
united	O
states.	O

tobacco	O
use	O
exerts	O
a	O
huge	O
toll	O
on	O
persons	O
with	O
mental	B-disease
illnesses	I-disease
and	O
substance	O
abuse	O
disorders,	O
accounting	O
for	O
200,000	O
of	O
the	O
annual	O
443,000	O
annual	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
deaths	O
in	O
the	O
united	O
states.	O

hypolipidemic	O
effect	O
of	O
ginger	B-plant
in	O
1,2-dimethyl	O
hydrazine-induced	O
experimental	O
colon	B-disease
carcinogenesis	I-disease
.	O

in	O
our	O
laboratory,	O
we	O
studied	O
the	O
chemopreventive	O
and	O
hypolipidemic	O
effect	O
of	O
ginger	B-plant
,	O
a	O
dietary	O
spice,	O
in	O
1,2-dimethylhydrazine	O
(dmh)-induced	O
colon	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O
.	O

ginger	B-plant
(50	O
mg/kg	O
body	O
weight	O
p.o.)	O
was	O
given	O
at	O
the	O
initiation	O
and	O
also	O
at	O
the	O
postinitiation	O
stages	O
of	O
carcinogenesis	B-disease
.	O

on	O
administering	O
ginger	B-plant
at	O
the	O
initiation	O
and	O
also	O
at	O
the	O
postinitiation	O
stages	O
of	O
colon	B-disease
carcinogenesis	I-disease
,	O
the	O
levels	O
of	O
fecal	O
bile	O
acids,	O
neutral	O
sterols,	O
tissue	O
cholesterol,	O
hmg	O
coa	O
reductase,	O
free	O
fatty	O
acids,	O
triglycerides,	O
phospholipase	O
a,	O
and	O
phospholipase	O
c	O
were	O
significantly	O
decreased,	O
whereas	O
the	O
levels	O
of	O
phospholipids	O
were	O
increased	O
as	O
compared	O
to	O
unsupplemented	O
dmh	O
treated	O
rats.	O

thus,	O
ginger	B-plant
supplementation	O
was	O
found	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
colon	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
markedly	O
by	O
virtue	O
of	O
its	O
hypolipidemic	O
and	O
antioxidative	O
effects.	O
.	O

aloe	B-plant
-emodin	O
induces	O
cell	O
death	O
through	O
s-phase	O
arrest	O
and	O
caspase-dependent	O
pathways	O
in	O
human	O
tongue	B-disease
squamous	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
scc-4	O
cells.	O
.	O

aloe	B-plant
-emodin,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
anthraquinones,	O
has	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
have	O
anti	O
cancer	B-disease
activity	O
in	O
different	O
kinds	O
of	O
human	O
cancer	B-disease
cell	O
lines.	O

therefore,	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
this	O
study	O
was	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
anti-cancer	O
effect	O
of	O
aloe	B-plant
-emodin	O
on	O
human	O
tongue	B-disease
squamous	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
scc-4	O
cells.	O
.	O

aloe	B-plant
-emodin	O
promoted	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
apoptosis-inducing	O
factor	O
(aif),	O
endonuclease	O
g	O
(endo	O
g),	O
pro-caspase-9	O
and	O
cytochrome	O
c	O
from	O
the	O
mitochondria	O
via	O
a	O
loss	O
of	O
the	O
mitochondrial	O
membrane	O
potential	O
(deltapsi(m))	O
which	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
ratio	O
of	O
b-cell	B-disease
lymphoma	I-disease
2-associated	O
x	O
protein	O
(bax)/b	O
cell	O
lymphoma/leukemia-2	O
(bcl-2)	O
and	O
activation	O
of	O
caspase-9	O
and	O
-3.	O
.	O

aloe	B-plant
-emodin	O
promoted	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
apoptosis-inducing	O
factor	O
(aif),	O
endonuclease	O
g	O
(endo	O
g),	O
pro-caspase-9	O
and	O
cytochrome	O
c	O
from	O
the	O
mitochondria	O
via	O
a	O
loss	O
of	O
the	O
mitochondrial	O
membrane	O
potential	O
(deltapsi(m))	O
which	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
ratio	O
of	O
b-cell	O
lymphoma	O
2-associated	O
x	O
protein	O
(bax)/b	O
cell	O
lymphoma/	O
leukemia	B-disease
-2	O
(bcl-2)	O
and	O
activation	O
of	O
caspase-9	O
and	O
-3.	O
.	O

aloe	B-plant
-emodin	O
promoted	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
apoptosis-inducing	O
factor	O
(aif),	O
endonuclease	O
g	O
(endo	O
g),	O
pro-caspase-9	O
and	O
cytochrome	O
c	O
from	O
the	O
mitochondria	O
via	O
a	O
loss	O
of	O
the	O
mitochondrial	O
membrane	O
potential	O
(deltapsi(m))	O
which	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
ratio	O
of	O
b-cell	O
lymphoma	B-disease
2-associated	O
x	O
protein	O
(bax)/b	O
cell	O
lymphoma	B-disease
/leukemia-2	O
(bcl-2)	O
and	O
activation	O
of	O
caspase-9	O
and	O
-3.	O
.	O

aloe	B-plant
-emodin	O
could	O
be	O
a	O
novel	O
chemotherapeutic	O
drug	O
candidate	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
human	O
tongue	B-disease
squamous	I-disease
cance	I-disease
r	O
in	O
the	O
future.	O

mutagen	O
sensitivity,	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
and	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk:	O
a	O
case-control	O
study.	O

the	O
mutagen	O
sensitivity	O
assay	O
(msa),	O
a	O
phenotypic	O
marker	O
of	O
dna	O
damage	O
response	O
and	O
repair	O
capacity,	O
has	O
been	O
consistently	O
shown	O
to	O
associate	O
with	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

our	O
data	O
also	O
suggest	O
that	O
bleomycin	O
sensitivity	O
may	O
modulate	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
on	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk.	O

among	O
women	O
with	O
hypersensitivity	O
to	O
bleomycin,	O
ever	O
smokers	O
had	O
a	O
1.6-fold	O
increased	O
risk	O
of	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
(95%	O
ci	O
=	O
0.6-3.9,	O
p	O
for	O
interaction	O
between	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
and	O
bleomycin	O
sensitivity	O
=	O
0.32).	O

among	O
women	O
with	O
hypersensitivity	B-disease
to	O
bleomycin,	O
ever	O
smokers	O
had	O
a	O
1.6-fold	O
increased	O
risk	O
of	O
breast	O
cancer	O
(95%	O
ci	O
=	O
0.6-3.9,	O
p	O
for	O
interaction	O
between	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
and	O
bleomycin	O
sensitivity	O
=	O
0.32).	O

our	O
observation	O
that	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
on	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
risk	O
may	O
differ	O
based	O
on	O
mutagen	O
sensitivity	O
status	O
warrants	O
further	O
investigation.	O

further,	O
associations	O
between	O
almond	B-plant
oil	O
and	O
improved	O
bowel	O
transit	O
have	O
been	O
made,	O
which	O
consequently	O
reduces	O
irritable	B-disease
bowel	I-disease
syndrome	I-disease
symptoms.	O

historically,	O
almond	B-plant
oil	O
had	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
ancient	O
chinese,	O
ayurvedic	O
and	O
greco-persian	O
schools	O
of	O
medicine	O
to	O
treat	O
dry	O
skin	O
conditions	O
such	O
as	O
psoriasis	B-disease
and	O
eczema.	O

historically,	O
almond	B-plant
oil	O
had	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
ancient	O
chinese,	O
ayurvedic	O
and	O
greco-persian	O
schools	O
of	O
medicine	O
to	O
treat	O
dry	O
skin	O
conditions	O
such	O
as	O
psoriasis	O
and	O
eczema	B-disease
.	O

further,	O
it	O
is	O
through	O
anecdotal	O
evidence	O
and	O
clinical	O
experiences	O
that	O
almond	B-plant
oil	O
seemingly	O
reduces	O
hypertrophic	B-disease
scarring	O
post-operatively,	O
smoothes	O
and	O
rejuvenates	O
skin.	O

a	O
lipid-soluble	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
inhibits	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
human	O
lung	B-disease
tumor	I-disease
xenografts	O
in	O
nude	O
mice.	O

balb/c-nu	O
mice	O
were	O
inoculated	O
with	O
human	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
(nci-h460)	O
cells	O
to	O
establish	O
a	O
human	O
tumor	O
xenograft	O
model	O
in	O
nude	O
mice,	O
and	O
the	O
lipid-soluble	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
was	O
orally	O
administered.	O

balb/c-nu	O
mice	O
were	O
inoculated	O
with	O
human	O
lung	O
cancer	O
(nci-h460)	O
cells	O
to	O
establish	O
a	O
human	O
tumor	B-disease
xenograft	O
model	O
in	O
nude	O
mice,	O
and	O
the	O
lipid-soluble	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
was	O
orally	O
administered.	O

the	O
tumor	B-disease
inhibitory	O
rates	O
of	O
the	O
lipid-soluble	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
at	O
doses	O
of	O
0.1,	O
0.3,	O
and	O
1.0	O
g/kg/day	O
were	O
18.9%	O
(p	O
<	O
.05),	O
60.0%	O
(p	O
<	O
.001),	O
and	O
67.5%	O
(p	O
<	O
.001),	O
respectively.	O

the	O
oral	O
administration	O
of	O
the	O
lipid-soluble	O
extract	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
showed	O
a	O
potent	O
anticancer	O
effect	O
in	O
nude	O
mice	O
bearing	O
human	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells	O
in	O
a	O
dose-dependent	O
manner	O
without	O
any	O
apparent	O
toxicity.	O

the	O
oral	O
administration	O
of	O
the	O
lipid-soluble	O
extract	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
showed	O
a	O
potent	O
anticancer	O
effect	O
in	O
nude	O
mice	O
bearing	O
human	O
lung	O
cancer	O
cells	O
in	O
a	O
dose-dependent	O
manner	O
without	O
any	O
apparent	O
toxicity	B-disease
.	O

this	O
lipid-soluble	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
is	O
a	O
potential	O
nontoxic	O
anticancer	O
supplement	O
for	O
the	O
prevention	O
and	O
intervention	O
of	O
lung	B-disease
tumor	I-disease
growth	O
through	O
an	O
oral	O
administration	O
route.	O

epidemiological	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
tea	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
and	O
degenerative	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
including	O
cardiovascular	O
disorders,	O
diabetes,	O
obesity	O
and	O
neurodegenerative	O
disorders.	O

epidemiological	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
tea	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
and	O
degenerative	O
diseases	O
including	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disorders	I-disease
,	O
diabetes,	O
obesity	O
and	O
neurodegenerative	O
disorders.	O

epidemiological	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
tea	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
and	O
degenerative	O
diseases	O
including	O
cardiovascular	O
disorders,	O
diabetes,	O
obesity	B-disease
and	O
neurodegenerative	O
disorders.	O

epidemiological	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
tea	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
and	O
degenerative	O
diseases	O
including	O
cardiovascular	O
disorders,	O
diabetes,	O
obesity	O
and	O
neurodegenerative	B-disease
disorders	I-disease
.	O

epidemiological	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
tea	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
and	O
degenerative	O
diseases	O
including	O
cardiovascular	O
disorders,	O
diabetes	B-disease
,	O
obesity	O
and	O
neurodegenerative	O
disorders.	O

epidemiological	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	O
and	O
tea	B-plant
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
and	O
degenerative	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
including	O
cardiovascular	O
disorders,	O
diabetes,	O
obesity	O
and	O
neurodegenerative	O
disorders.	O

epidemiological	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	O
and	O
tea	B-plant
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
and	O
degenerative	O
diseases	O
including	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disorders	I-disease
,	O
diabetes,	O
obesity	O
and	O
neurodegenerative	O
disorders.	O

epidemiological	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	O
and	O
tea	B-plant
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
and	O
degenerative	O
diseases	O
including	O
cardiovascular	O
disorders,	O
diabetes,	O
obesity	B-disease
and	O
neurodegenerative	O
disorders.	O

epidemiological	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	O
and	O
tea	B-plant
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
and	O
degenerative	O
diseases	O
including	O
cardiovascular	O
disorders,	O
diabetes,	O
obesity	O
and	O
neurodegenerative	B-disease
disorders	I-disease
.	O

epidemiological	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
consumption	O
of	O
coffee	O
and	O
tea	B-plant
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
and	O
degenerative	O
diseases	O
including	O
cardiovascular	O
disorders,	O
diabetes	B-disease
,	O
obesity	O
and	O
neurodegenerative	O
disorders.	O
.	O

cancer	B-disease
chemoprevention	O
by	O
pomegranate	B-plant
:	O
laboratory	O
and	O
clinical	O
evidence.	O

recent	O
research	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
pomegranate	B-plant
extracts	O
selectively	O
inhibit	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
breast,	B-disease
prostate,	I-disease
colon	I-disease
and	I-disease
lung	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells	O
in	O
culture.	O

recent	O
research	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
pomegranate	B-plant
extracts	O
selectively	O
inhibit	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
breast,	O
prostate,	B-disease
colon	I-disease
and	I-disease
lung	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells	O
in	O
culture.	O

recent	O
research	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
pomegranate	B-plant
extracts	O
selectively	O
inhibit	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
breast,	O
prostate,	O
colon	B-disease
and	I-disease
lung	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells	O
in	O
culture.	O

recent	O
research	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
pomegranate	B-plant
extracts	O
selectively	O
inhibit	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
breast,	O
prostate,	O
colon	O
and	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells	O
in	O
culture.	O

in	O
preclinical	O
animal	O
studies,	O
oral	O
consumption	O
of	O
pomegranate	B-plant
extract	O
inhibited	O
growth	O
of	O
lung,	B-disease
skin,	I-disease
colon	I-disease
and	I-disease
prostate	I-disease
tumors	I-disease
.	O

in	O
preclinical	O
animal	O
studies,	O
oral	O
consumption	O
of	O
pomegranate	B-plant
extract	O
inhibited	O
growth	O
of	O
lung,	O
skin,	B-disease
colon	I-disease
and	I-disease
prostate	I-disease
tumors	I-disease
.	O

in	O
preclinical	O
animal	O
studies,	O
oral	O
consumption	O
of	O
pomegranate	B-plant
extract	O
inhibited	O
growth	O
of	O
lung,	O
skin,	O
colon	B-disease
and	I-disease
prostate	I-disease
tumors	I-disease
.	O

in	O
preclinical	O
animal	O
studies,	O
oral	O
consumption	O
of	O
pomegranate	B-plant
extract	O
inhibited	O
growth	O
of	O
lung,	O
skin,	O
colon	O
and	O
prostate	B-disease
tumors	I-disease
.	O

an	O
initial	O
phase	O
ii	O
clinical	O
trial	O
of	O
pomegranate	B-plant
juice	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
prostate	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
reported	O
significant	O
prolongation	O
of	O
prostate	O
specific	O
antigen	O
doubling	O
time.	O

this	O
review	O
focuses	O
on	O
recent	O
investigations	O
into	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
pomegranate	B-plant
fruit	I-plant
on	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

caffeine	O
and	O
coffee	B-plant
as	O
therapeutics	O
against	O
alzheimer\'s	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

epidemiologic	O
studies	O
have	O
increasingly	O
suggested	O
that	O
caffeine/	O
coffee	B-plant
could	O
be	O
an	O
effective	O
therapeutic	O
against	O
alzheimer\'s	B-disease
disease	I-disease
(ad).	O

epidemiologic	O
studies	O
have	O
increasingly	O
suggested	O
that	O
caffeine/	O
coffee	B-plant
could	O
be	O
an	O
effective	O
therapeutic	O
against	O
alzheimer\'s	O
disease	O
(	O
ad	B-disease
).	O

we	O
have	O
utilized	O
a	O
transgenic	O
mouse	O
model	O
for	O
ad	B-disease
in	O
well-controlled	O
studies	O
to	O
determine	O
if	O
caffeine	O
and/or	O
coffee	B-plant
have	O
beneficial	O
actions	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
or	O
reverse	O
ad	B-disease
-like	O
cognitive	O
impairment	O
and	O
ad	B-disease
pathology.	O

we	O
have	O
utilized	O
a	O
transgenic	O
mouse	O
model	O
for	O
ad	B-disease
in	O
well-controlled	O
studies	O
to	O
determine	O
if	O
caffeine	O
and/or	O
coffee	B-plant
have	O
beneficial	O
actions	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
or	O
reverse	O
ad	B-disease
-like	O
cognitive	O
impairment	O
and	O
ad	B-disease
pathology.	O

we	O
have	O
utilized	O
a	O
transgenic	O
mouse	O
model	O
for	O
ad	O
in	O
well-controlled	O
studies	O
to	O
determine	O
if	O
caffeine	O
and/or	O
coffee	B-plant
have	O
beneficial	O
actions	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
or	O
reverse	O
ad-like	B-disease
cognitive	I-disease
impairment	I-disease
and	O
ad	O
pathology.	O

caffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
provided	O
to	O
ad	B-disease
mice	O
also	O
quickly	O
decreased	O
plasma	O
abeta	O
levels,	O
but	O
not	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
suggesting	O
that	O
caffeine	O
is	O
critical	O
to	O
decreasing	O
blood	O
abeta	O
levels.	O

caffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
provided	O
to	O
ad	B-disease
mice	O
also	O
quickly	O
decreased	O
plasma	O
abeta	O
levels,	O
but	O
not	O
decaffeinated	O
coffee	B-plant
,	O
suggesting	O
that	O
caffeine	O
is	O
critical	O
to	O
decreasing	O
blood	O
abeta	O
levels.	O

these	O
results	O
indicate	O
a	O
surprising	O
ability	O
of	O
moderate	O
caffeine	O
intake	O
(the	O
human	O
equivalent	O
of	O
500	O
mg	O
caffeine	O
or	O
5	O
cups	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
per	O
day)	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
or	O
treat	O
ad	B-disease
in	O
a	O
mouse	O
model	O
for	O
the	O
disease	O
and	O
a	O
therapeutic	O
potential	O
for	O
caffeine	O
against	O
ad	B-disease
in	O
humans.	O

these	O
results	O
indicate	O
a	O
surprising	O
ability	O
of	O
moderate	O
caffeine	O
intake	O
(the	O
human	O
equivalent	O
of	O
500	O
mg	O
caffeine	O
or	O
5	O
cups	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
per	O
day)	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
or	O
treat	O
ad	B-disease
in	O
a	O
mouse	O
model	O
for	O
the	O
disease	O
and	O
a	O
therapeutic	O
potential	O
for	O
caffeine	O
against	O
ad	B-disease
in	O
humans.	O

protective	O
effects	O
of	O
nigella	B-plant
sativa	I-plant
on	O
intestinal	B-disease
ischemia-reperfusion	I-disease
injury	I-disease
in	O
rats.	O

background:	O
in	O
previous	O
studies,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
nigella	B-plant
sativa	I-plant
(ns)	O
has	O
protective	O
effects	O
against	O
ischemia	B-disease
reperfusion	I-disease
injury	I-disease
on	O
various	O
organs.	O

background:	O
in	O
previous	O
studies,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
nigella	O
sativa	O
(	O
ns	B-plant
)	O
has	O
protective	O
effects	O
against	O
ischemia	B-disease
reperfusion	I-disease
injury	I-disease
on	O
various	O
organs.	O

we	O
aimed	O
to	O
determine	O
whether	O
ns	B-plant
prevents	O
intestinal	B-disease
ischemia-reperfusion	I-disease
injury	I-disease
in	O
rats.	O

rats	O
in	O
the	O
group	O
3	O
received	O
ns	B-plant
(0,2	O
ml/kg)	O
intraperitoneally,	O
before	O
ischemia	B-disease
and	O
before	O
reperfusion.	O

conclusion:	O
our	O
results	O
suggest	O
that	O
ns	B-plant
treatment	O
protected	O
the	O
rat\'s	O
intestinal	O
tissue	O
against	O
intestinal	B-disease
ischemia-reperfusion	I-disease
injury	I-disease
.	O

introduction:	O
garlic	B-plant
(allium	O
sativum),	O
traditionally	O
being	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
spice	O
worldwide,	O
has	O
different	O
applications	O
and	O
is	O
claimed	O
to	O
possess	O
beneficial	O
effects	O
in	O
several	O
health	O
ailments	O
such	O
as	O
tumor	B-disease
and	O
atherosclerosis.	O

introduction:	O
garlic	B-plant
(allium	O
sativum),	O
traditionally	O
being	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
spice	O
worldwide,	O
has	O
different	O
applications	O
and	O
is	O
claimed	O
to	O
possess	O
beneficial	O
effects	O
in	O
several	O
health	O
ailments	O
such	O
as	O
tumor	O
and	O
atherosclerosis	B-disease
.	O

introduction:	O
garlic	O
(	O
allium	B-plant
sativum	I-plant
),	O
traditionally	O
being	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
spice	O
worldwide,	O
has	O
different	O
applications	O
and	O
is	O
claimed	O
to	O
possess	O
beneficial	O
effects	O
in	O
several	O
health	O
ailments	O
such	O
as	O
tumor	B-disease
and	O
atherosclerosis.	O

introduction:	O
garlic	O
(	O
allium	B-plant
sativum	I-plant
),	O
traditionally	O
being	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
spice	O
worldwide,	O
has	O
different	O
applications	O
and	O
is	O
claimed	O
to	O
possess	O
beneficial	O
effects	O
in	O
several	O
health	O
ailments	O
such	O
as	O
tumor	O
and	O
atherosclerosis	B-disease
.	O

cytotoxicity	O
of	O
macrophages\'	O
supernatant	O
on	O
wehi-164	O
fibrosarcoma	B-disease
cells	O
was	O
not	O
affected	O
by	O
garlic	B-plant
protein	O
fractions	O
(p	O
=	O
0.066	O
for	O
14-kda	O
and	O
p	O
=	O
0.085	O
for	O
47-kda	O
fractions).	O
.	O

cytotoxicity	B-disease
of	O
macrophages\'	O
supernatant	O
on	O
wehi-164	O
fibrosarcoma	O
cells	O
was	O
not	O
affected	O
by	O
garlic	B-plant
protein	O
fractions	O
(p	O
=	O
0.066	O
for	O
14-kda	O
and	O
p	O
=	O
0.085	O
for	O
47-kda	O
fractions).	O

[study	O
on	O
antiinflammatory	O
effect	O
of	O
different	O
chemotype	O
of	O
cinnamomum	B-plant
camphora	I-plant
on	O
rat	O
arthritis	B-disease
model	O
induced	O
by	O
freund\'s	O
adjuvant].	O

objective:	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
antiinflammatory	O
effects	O
of	O
naphtha	O
from	O
different	O
chemotypes	O
of	O
cinnamomum	B-plant
camphora	I-plant
and	O
natural	O
borneol	O
on	O
the	O
rat	O
arthritis	B-disease
model	O
induced	O
by	O
freund\'s	O
adjuvant.	O

conclusion:	O
the	O
different	O
chemotypes	O
of	O
c.	B-plant
camphora	I-plant
have	O
anti-inflammatory	O
effect	O
on	O
the	O
rat	O
arthritis	B-disease
model	O
induced	O
by	O
freund\'s	O
adjuvant,	O
but	O
pharmacological	O
activity	O
and	O
mechanism	O
of	O
action	O
are	O
different.	O

a	O
population-based	O
twin	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
genetic	O
and	O
environmental	O
relationship	O
of	O
major	B-disease
depression	I-disease
,	O
regular	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
and	O
nicotine	O
dependence.	O

a	O
population-based	O
twin	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
genetic	O
and	O
environmental	O
relationship	O
of	O
major	O
depression,	O
regular	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
and	O
nicotine	B-disease
dependence	I-disease
.	O

background:	O
numerous	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
reported	O
a	O
positive	O
association	O
between	O
major	B-disease
depression	I-disease
(md)	O
and	O
regular	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
(ru)	O
or	O
nicotine	O
dependence	O
(nd).	O

background:	O
numerous	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
reported	O
a	O
positive	O
association	O
between	O
major	O
depression	O
(	O
md	B-disease
)	O
and	O
regular	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
(ru)	O
or	O
nicotine	O
dependence	O
(nd).	O

background:	O
numerous	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
reported	O
a	O
positive	O
association	O
between	O
major	O
depression	O
(md)	O
and	O
regular	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
(ru)	O
or	O
nicotine	B-disease
dependence	I-disease
(nd).	O

backgrou	O
nd	B-disease
:	O
numerous	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
reported	O
a	O
positive	O
association	O
between	O
major	O
depression	O
(md)	O
and	O
regular	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
(ru)	O
or	O
nicotine	O
dependence	O
(	O
nd	B-disease
).	O

background:	O
numerous	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
reported	O
a	O
positive	O
association	O
between	O
major	B-disease
depression	I-disease
(md)	O
and	O
regular	O
tobacco	O
use	O
(	O
ru	B-plant
)	O
or	O
nicotine	O
dependence	O
(nd).	O

background:	O
numerous	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
reported	O
a	O
positive	O
association	O
between	O
major	O
depression	O
(	O
md	B-disease
)	O
and	O
regular	O
tobacco	O
use	O
(	O
ru	B-plant
)	O
or	O
nicotine	O
dependence	O
(nd).	O

background:	O
numerous	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
reported	O
a	O
positive	O
association	O
between	O
major	O
depression	O
(md)	O
and	O
regular	O
tobacco	O
use	O
(	O
ru	B-plant
)	O
or	O
nicotine	B-disease
dependence	I-disease
(nd).	O

backgrou	O
nd	B-disease
:	O
numerous	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
reported	O
a	O
positive	O
association	O
between	O
major	O
depression	O
(md)	O
and	O
regular	O
tobacco	O
use	O
(	O
ru	B-plant
)	O
or	O
nicotine	O
dependence	O
(	O
nd	B-disease
).	O

method:	O
we	O
assessed	O
md	B-disease
,	O
ru	B-plant
and	O
nd	O
in	O
same-sex	O
twins	O
from	O
the	O
population-based	O
swedish	O
twin	O
registry.	O

method:	O
we	O
assessed	O
md,	O
ru	B-plant
and	O
nd	B-disease
in	O
same-sex	O
twins	O
from	O
the	O
population-based	O
swedish	O
twin	O
registry.	O

we	O
used	O
structural	O
equation	O
modeling	O
to	O
examine	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
md	B-disease
,	O
ru	B-plant
,	O
and	O
nd	O
given	O
ru	B-plant
.	O

we	O
used	O
structural	O
equation	O
modeling	O
to	O
examine	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
md,	O
ru	B-plant
,	O
and	O
nd	B-disease
given	O
ru	B-plant
.	O

we	O
used	O
structural	O
equation	O
modeling	O
to	O
examine	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
md	B-disease
,	O
ru	B-plant
,	O
and	O
nd	O
given	O
ru	B-plant
.	O

we	O
used	O
structural	O
equation	O
modeling	O
to	O
examine	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
md,	O
ru	B-plant
,	O
and	O
nd	B-disease
given	O
ru	B-plant
.	O

results:	O
the	O
results	O
suggest	O
modest	O
correlations	O
between	O
md	B-disease
and	O
ru	B-plant
,	O
and	O
between	O
md	B-disease
and	O
nd.	O

results:	O
the	O
results	O
suggest	O
modest	O
correlations	O
between	O
md	B-disease
and	O
ru	B-plant
,	O
and	O
between	O
md	B-disease
and	O
nd.	O

results:	O
the	O
results	O
suggest	O
modest	O
correlations	O
between	O
md	O
and	O
ru	B-plant
,	O
and	O
between	O
md	O
and	O
nd	B-disease
.	O

in	O
males,	O
the	O
liability	O
shared	O
between	O
md	B-disease
and	O
ru	B-plant
is	O
solely	O
genetic	O
for	O
both	O
cigarettes	O
and	O
snus,	O
while	O
md	B-disease
and	O
nd	O
share	O
both	O
genetic	O
and	O
unique	O
environmental	O
influences.	O

in	O
males,	O
the	O
liability	O
shared	O
between	O
md	B-disease
and	O
ru	B-plant
is	O
solely	O
genetic	O
for	O
both	O
cigarettes	O
and	O
snus,	O
while	O
md	B-disease
and	O
nd	O
share	O
both	O
genetic	O
and	O
unique	O
environmental	O
influences.	O

in	O
males,	O
the	O
liability	O
shared	O
between	O
md	O
and	O
ru	B-plant
is	O
solely	O
genetic	O
for	O
both	O
cigarettes	O
and	O
snus,	O
while	O
md	O
and	O
nd	B-disease
share	O
both	O
genetic	O
and	O
unique	O
environmental	O
influences.	O

the	O
continuation	O
to	O
nd	B-disease
given	O
ru	B-plant
differed	O
considerably	O
between	O
cigarette	O
and	O
snus	O
users.	O

in	O
females,	O
both	O
md	B-disease
-	O
ru	B-plant
and	O
md	B-disease
-nd	O
relationships	O
are	O
partially	O
attributable	O
to	O
genetic	O
and	O
unique	O
environmental	O
correlations.	O

in	O
females,	O
both	O
md	B-disease
-	O
ru	B-plant
and	O
md	B-disease
-nd	O
relationships	O
are	O
partially	O
attributable	O
to	O
genetic	O
and	O
unique	O
environmental	O
correlations.	O

in	O
females,	O
both	O
md-	O
ru	B-plant
and	O
md-	O
nd	B-disease
relationships	O
are	O
partially	O
attributable	O
to	O
genetic	O
and	O
unique	O
environmental	O
correlations.	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
relationship	O
among	O
md	B-disease
,	O
ru	B-plant
and	O
nd	O
is	O
at	O
least	O
partially	O
attributable	O
to	O
shared	O
genetic	O
and	O
environmental	O
risk	O
factors.	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
relationship	O
among	O
md,	O
ru	B-plant
and	O
nd	B-disease
is	O
at	O
least	O
partially	O
attributable	O
to	O
shared	O
genetic	O
and	O
environmental	O
risk	O
factors.	O

differences	O
between	O
previous	O
reports	O
and	O
results	O
presented	O
in	O
the	O
current	O
study	O
are	O
suggestive	O
of	O
population	O
differences	O
in	O
how	O
md	B-disease
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
inter-relate.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
we	O
assessed	O
the	O
anti-arthritic	O
effects	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
saponin	O
extract	O
(rgse),	O
including	O
ginsenosides	O
rg3,	O
rk1	O
and	O
rg5	O
as	O
major	O
components,	O
on	O
a	O
murine	O
type	O
ii	O
collagen	O
(cii)-induced	O
arthritis	B-disease
(cia),	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
valid	O
animal	O
model	O
of	O
human	O
arthritis	B-disease
.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
we	O
assessed	O
the	O
anti-arthritic	O
effects	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
saponin	O
extract	O
(rgse),	O
including	O
ginsenosides	O
rg3,	O
rk1	O
and	O
rg5	O
as	O
major	O
components,	O
on	O
a	O
murine	O
type	O
ii	O
collagen	O
(cii)-induced	O
arthritis	B-disease
(cia),	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
valid	O
animal	O
model	O
of	O
human	O
arthritis	B-disease
.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
we	O
assessed	O
the	O
anti-arthritic	O
effects	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
saponin	O
extract	O
(rgse),	O
including	O
ginsenosides	O
rg3,	O
rk1	O
and	O
rg5	O
as	O
major	O
components,	O
on	O
a	O
murine	O
type	O
ii	O
collagen	O
(cii)-induced	O
arthritis	O
(	O
cia	B-disease
),	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
valid	O
animal	O
model	O
of	O
human	O
arthritis.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
we	O
assessed	O
the	O
anti-arthritic	O
effects	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	O
saponin	O
extract	O
(	O
rgse	B-plant
),	O
including	O
ginsenosides	O
rg3,	O
rk1	O
and	O
rg5	O
as	O
major	O
components,	O
on	O
a	O
murine	O
type	O
ii	O
collagen	O
(cii)-induced	O
arthritis	B-disease
(cia),	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
valid	O
animal	O
model	O
of	O
human	O
arthritis	B-disease
.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
we	O
assessed	O
the	O
anti-arthritic	O
effects	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	O
saponin	O
extract	O
(	O
rgse	B-plant
),	O
including	O
ginsenosides	O
rg3,	O
rk1	O
and	O
rg5	O
as	O
major	O
components,	O
on	O
a	O
murine	O
type	O
ii	O
collagen	O
(cii)-induced	O
arthritis	B-disease
(cia),	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
valid	O
animal	O
model	O
of	O
human	O
arthritis	B-disease
.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
we	O
assessed	O
the	O
anti-arthritic	O
effects	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	O
saponin	O
extract	O
(	O
rgse	B-plant
),	O
including	O
ginsenosides	O
rg3,	O
rk1	O
and	O
rg5	O
as	O
major	O
components,	O
on	O
a	O
murine	O
type	O
ii	O
collagen	O
(cii)-induced	O
arthritis	O
(	O
cia	B-disease
),	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
valid	O
animal	O
model	O
of	O
human	O
arthritis.	O

oral	O
administration	O
of	O
rgse	B-plant
at	O
10	O
mg/kg	O
reduced	O
the	O
clinical	O
arthritis	B-disease
score	O
and	O
paw	O
swelling	O
in	O
the	O
cia	O
mice,	O
and	O
inhibited	O
joint	O
space	O
narrowing	O
and	O
histological	O
arthritis	B-disease
,	O
illustrating	O
the	O
severity	O
of	O
synovial	O
hyperplasia,	O
inflammatory	O
cell	O
infiltration,	O
pannus	O
formation,	O
and	O
erosion	O
of	O
cartilage.	O

oral	O
administration	O
of	O
rgse	B-plant
at	O
10	O
mg/kg	O
reduced	O
the	O
clinical	O
arthritis	O
score	O
and	O
paw	O
swelling	O
in	O
the	O
cia	O
mice,	O
and	O
inhibited	O
joint	O
space	O
narrowing	O
and	O
histological	O
arthritis,	O
illustrating	O
the	O
severity	O
of	O
synovial	B-disease
hyperplasia	I-disease
,	O
inflammatory	O
cell	O
infiltration,	O
pannus	O
formation,	O
and	O
erosion	O
of	O
cartilage.	O

oral	O
administration	O
of	O
rgse	B-plant
at	O
10	O
mg/kg	O
reduced	O
the	O
clinical	O
arthritis	O
score	O
and	O
paw	O
swelling	O
in	O
the	O
cia	B-disease
mice,	O
and	O
inhibited	O
joint	O
space	O
narrowing	O
and	O
histological	O
arthritis,	O
illustrating	O
the	O
severity	O
of	O
synovial	O
hyperplasia,	O
inflammatory	O
cell	O
infiltration,	O
pannus	O
formation,	O
and	O
erosion	O
of	O
cartilage.	O

oral	O
administration	O
of	O
rgse	B-plant
at	O
10	O
mg/kg	O
reduced	O
the	O
clinical	O
arthritis	B-disease
score	O
and	O
paw	O
swelling	O
in	O
the	O
cia	O
mice,	O
and	O
inhibited	O
joint	O
space	O
narrowing	O
and	O
histological	O
arthritis	B-disease
,	O
illustrating	O
the	O
severity	O
of	O
synovial	O
hyperplasia,	O
inflammatory	O
cell	O
infiltration,	O
pannus	O
formation,	O
and	O
erosion	O
of	O
cartilage.	O

oral	O
administration	O
of	O
rgse	B-plant
at	O
10	O
mg/kg	O
reduced	O
the	O
clinical	O
arthritis	O
score	O
and	O
paw	O
swelling	O
in	O
the	O
cia	O
mice,	O
and	O
inhibited	O
joint	O
space	O
narrowing	O
and	O
histological	O
arthritis,	O
illustrating	O
the	O
severity	O
of	O
synovial	O
hyperplasia,	O
inflammatory	B-disease
cell	I-disease
infiltration	I-disease
,	O
pannus	O
formation,	O
and	O
erosion	O
of	O
cartilage.	O

oral	O
administration	O
of	O
rgse	B-plant
at	O
10	O
mg/kg	O
reduced	O
the	O
clinical	O
arthritis	O
score	O
and	O
paw	O
swelling	O
in	O
the	O
cia	O
mice,	O
and	O
inhibited	O
joint	O
space	O
narrowing	O
and	O
histological	O
arthritis,	O
illustrating	O
the	O
severity	O
of	O
synovial	O
hyperplasia,	O
inflammatory	O
cell	O
infiltration,	O
pannus	O
formation,	O
and	O
erosion	B-disease
of	I-disease
cartilage	I-disease
.	O
.	O

rgse	B-plant
inhibited	O
the	O
expression	O
of	O
matrix	O
metalloproteinase-3	O
and	O
nitrotyrosine	O
formation,	O
and	O
recovered	O
the	O
expression	O
of	O
superoxide	O
dismutase	O
in	O
the	O
joints	O
of	O
the	O
cia	B-disease
mice.	O

orally	O
administered	O
rgse	B-plant
also	O
reduced	O
the	O
levels	O
of	O
serum	O
tumor	O
necrosis	O
factor-alpha	O
and	O
interleukin-1beta	O
in	O
the	O
cia	B-disease
mice.	O

cii-	O
or	O
lipopolysaccharide-stimulated	O
cytokine	O
production,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
cii-specific	O
proliferation,	O
was	O
reduced	O
in	O
the	O
spleen	O
cells	O
of	O
the	O
rgse	B-plant
-treated	O
cia	B-disease
mice,	O
as	O
compared	O
with	O
those	O
from	O
vehicle-treated	O
cia	B-disease
mice.	O

furthermore,	O
rgse	B-plant
administration	O
protected	O
against	O
cia	B-disease
-induced	O
oxidative	O
tissue	O
damage	O
by	O
restoring	O
the	O
increased	O
malondialdehyde	O
levels	O
and	O
the	O
decreased	O
glutathione	O
levels	O
and	O
catalase	O
activities	O
almost	O
to	O
control	O
levels.	O

therefore,	O
rgse	B-plant
may	O
be	O
a	O
beneficial	O
supplement	O
which	O
can	O
improve	O
human	O
arthritis	B-disease
.	O

objectives:	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
evidence	O
for	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
as	O
a	O
risk	O
factor	O
for	O
the	O
causation	O
of	O
chronic	O
pancreatitis	B-disease
.	O

conclusions:	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
may	O
enhance	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
developing	O
chronic	O
pancreatitis	B-disease
.	O
.	O

eriobotrya	B-plant
japonica	I-plant
seed	O
extract	O
and	O
deep	O
sea	O
water	O
protect	O
against	O
indomethacin-induced	O
gastric	B-disease
mucosal	I-disease
injur	I-disease
y	O
in	O
rats.	O

we	O
have	O
previously	O
reported	O
that	O
eriobotrya	B-plant
japonica	I-plant
seed	O
extract	O
(ese)	O
is	O
effective	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
various	O
gastric	B-disease
mucosal	I-disease
injuries	I-disease
.	O

we	O
have	O
previously	O
reported	O
that	O
eriobotrya	O
japonica	O
seed	O
extract	O
(	O
ese	B-plant
)	O
is	O
effective	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
various	O
gastric	B-disease
mucosal	I-disease
injuries	I-disease
.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
we	O
prepared	O
dsw	O
containing	O
ese	B-plant
(	O
ese	B-plant
+	O
dsw)	O
and	O
evaluated	O
its	O
usefulness	O
for	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
gastric	B-disease
mucosal	I-disease
injuries	I-disease
using	O
non-steroidal	O
anti-inflammatory	O
drug-induced	O
acute	O
gastric	O
mucosal	O
injury	O
models	O
in	O
male	O
wistar/st	O
rats.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
we	O
prepared	O
dsw	O
containing	O
ese	B-plant
(	O
ese	B-plant
+	O
dsw)	O
and	O
evaluated	O
its	O
usefulness	O
for	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
gastric	O
mucosal	O
injuries	O
using	O
non-steroidal	O
anti-inflammatory	O
drug-induced	O
acute	O
gastric	B-disease
mucosal	I-disease
injury	I-disease
models	O
in	O
male	O
wistar/st	O
rats.	O
.	O

agarwood	B-plant
induced	O
laxative	O
effects	O
via	O
acetylcholine	O
receptors	O
on	O
loperamide-induced	O
constipation	B-disease
in	O
mice.	O

eea-1,	O
eea-2,	O
the	O
main	O
constituents	O
of	O
eeas	O
(mangiferin,	O
and	O
genkwanin-5-o-primeveroside),	O
and	O
senna	B-plant
increased	O
the	O
frequency	O
and	O
weight	O
of	O
stools	O
in	O
loperamide-induced	O
constipation	B-disease
model	O
mice.	O

eea-1	O
and	O
eea-2	O
did	O
not	O
induce	O
diarrhea	B-disease
as	O
a	O
side	O
effect,	O
but	O
senna	B-plant
induced	O
severe	O
diarrhea	B-disease
.	O

eea-1	O
and	O
eea-2	O
did	O
not	O
induce	O
diarrhea	B-disease
as	O
a	O
side	O
effect,	O
but	O
senna	B-plant
induced	O
severe	O
diarrhea	B-disease
.	O
.	O

cardiac	B-disease
contractile	I-disease
dysfunction	I-disease
and	O
apoptosis	O
in	O
streptozotocin-induced	O
diabetic	O
rats	O
are	O
ameliorated	O
by	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
supplementation.	O

cardiac	O
contractile	O
dysfunction	O
and	O
apoptosis	O
in	O
streptozotocin-induced	O
diabetic	B-disease
rats	O
are	O
ameliorated	O
by	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
supplementation.	O

however,	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
protects	O
diabetes	B-disease
-induced	O
cardiomyopathy	O
is	O
unclear.	O

however,	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
protects	O
diabetes-induced	O
cardiomyopathy	B-disease
is	O
unclear.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
streptozotocin	O
(stz)-induced	O
diabetic	B-disease
rats	O
received	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
(0,	O
10,	O
50,	O
or	O
100	O
mg/kg	O
of	O
body	O
weight)	O
by	O
gastric	O
gavage	O
every	O
2	O
days	O
for	O
16	O
days.	O

however,	O
these	O
diabetes	B-disease
-related	O
cardiac	O
dysfunctions	O
were	O
almost	O
dose-dependently	O
ameliorated	O
by	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
administration.	O

however,	O
these	O
diabetes-related	O
cardiac	B-disease
dysfunctions	I-disease
were	O
almost	O
dose-dependently	O
ameliorated	O
by	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
administration.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
possesses	O
significant	O
potential	O
for	O
protecting	O
hearts	O
from	O
diabetes	B-disease
-induced	O
cardiomyopathy.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
garlic	B-plant
oil	O
possesses	O
significant	O
potential	O
for	O
protecting	O
hearts	O
from	O
diabetes-induced	O
cardiomyopathy	B-disease
.	O
.	O

argemone	B-plant
mexicana	I-plant
(am),	O
a	O
validated	O
herbal	O
medicine	O
for	O
uncomplicated	O
malaria	B-disease
,	O
seems	O
to	O
prevent	O
severe	O
malaria	B-disease
without	O
completely	O
clearing	O
parasites	O
in	O
most	O
patients.	O
.	O

argemone	B-plant
mexicana	I-plant
(am),	O
a	O
validated	O
herbal	O
medicine	O
for	O
uncomplicated	O
malaria	B-disease
,	O
seems	O
to	O
prevent	O
severe	O
malaria	B-disease
without	O
completely	O
clearing	O
parasites	O
in	O
most	O
patients.	O

argemone	O
mexicana	O
(	O
am	B-plant
),	O
a	O
validated	O
herbal	O
medicine	O
for	O
uncomplicated	O
<en	O
am	B-plant
ex	O
malaria	B-disease
</en	I-disease
am	B-plant
ex>	O
,	O
seems	O
to	O
prevent	O
severe	O
<en	O
am	B-plant
ex	O
malaria	B-disease
</en	I-disease
am	B-plant
ex>	O
without	O
completely	O
clearing	O
parasites	O
in	O
most	O
patients.	O

argemone	O
mexicana	O
(	O
am	B-plant
),	O
a	O
validated	O
herbal	O
medicine	O
for	O
uncomplicated	O
<en	O
am	B-plant
ex	O
malaria	B-disease
</en	I-disease
am	B-plant
ex>	O
,	O
seems	O
to	O
prevent	O
severe	O
<en	O
am	B-plant
ex	O
malaria	B-disease
</en	I-disease
am	B-plant
ex>	O
without	O
completely	O
clearing	O
parasites	O
in	O
most	O
patients.	O

activity	O
of	O
melaleuca	B-plant
alternifolia	I-plant
(tea	O
tree)	O
oil	O
on	O
influenza	B-disease
virus	O
a/pr/8:	O
study	O
on	O
the	O
mechanism	O
of	O
action.	O

activity	O
of	O
melaleuca	O
alternifolia	O
(	O
tea	B-plant
tree	I-plant
)	O
oil	O
on	O
influenza	B-disease
virus	O
a/pr/8:	O
study	O
on	O
the	O
mechanism	O
of	O
action.	O

our	O
previous	O
study	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
melaleuca	B-plant
alternifolia	I-plant
(tea	O
tree)	O
oil	O
(tto)	O
had	O
an	O
interesting	O
antiviral	O
activity	O
against	O
influenza	B-disease
a	I-disease
in	O
mdck	O
cells.	O

our	O
previous	O
study	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
melaleuca	O
alternifolia	O
(	O
tea	B-plant
tree	I-plant
)	O
oil	O
(tto)	O
had	O
an	O
interesting	O
antiviral	O
activity	O
against	O
influenza	B-disease
a	I-disease
in	O
mdck	O
cells.	O

our	O
previous	O
study	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
melaleuca	O
alternifolia	O
(tea	O
tree)	O
oil	O
(	O
tto	B-plant
)	O
had	O
an	O
interesting	O
antiviral	O
activity	O
against	O
influenza	B-disease
a	I-disease
in	O
mdck	O
cells.	O

in	O
fact,	O
when	O
we	O
tested	O
tto	B-plant
and	O
some	O
of	O
its	O
components,	O
we	O
found	O
that	O
tto	B-plant
had	O
an	O
inhibitory	O
effect	O
on	O
influenza	B-disease
virus	O
replication	O
at	O
doses	O
below	O
the	O
cytotoxic	O
dose;	O
terpinen-4-ol,	O
terpinolene,	O
and	O
alfa-terpineol	O
were	O
the	O
main	O
active	O
components.	O

in	O
fact,	O
when	O
we	O
tested	O
tto	B-plant
and	O
some	O
of	O
its	O
components,	O
we	O
found	O
that	O
tto	B-plant
had	O
an	O
inhibitory	O
effect	O
on	O
influenza	B-disease
virus	O
replication	O
at	O
doses	O
below	O
the	O
cytotoxic	O
dose;	O
terpinen-4-ol,	O
terpinolene,	O
and	O
alfa-terpineol	O
were	O
the	O
main	O
active	O
components.	O

the	O
aim	O
of	O
this	O
study	O
was	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
mechanism	O
of	O
action	O
of	O
tto	B-plant
and	O
its	O
active	O
components	O
against	O
influenza	B-disease
a	I-disease
/pr/8	O
virus	O
subtype	O
h1n1inch	O
mdck	O
cells.	O

thus,	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
tto	B-plant
and	O
its	O
active	O
components	O
on	O
different	O
steps	O
of	O
the	O
replicative	O
cycle	O
of	O
influenza	O
virus	O
was	O
studied	O
by	O
adding	O
the	O
test	O
compounds	O
at	O
various	O
times	O
after	O
infection	B-disease
.	O

thus,	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
tto	B-plant
and	O
its	O
active	O
components	O
on	O
different	O
steps	O
of	O
the	O
replicative	O
cycle	O
of	O
influenza	B-disease
virus	O
was	O
studied	O
by	O
adding	O
the	O
test	O
compounds	O
at	O
various	O
times	O
after	O
infection.	O

these	O
experiments	O
revealed	O
that	O
viral	O
replication	O
was	O
significantly	O
inhibited	O
if	O
tto	B-plant
was	O
added	O
within	O
2h	O
of	O
infection,	O
indicating	O
an	O
interference	O
with	O
an	O
early	O
step	O
of	O
the	O
viral	O
replicative	O
cycle	O
of	O
influenza	B-disease
virus.	O

these	O
experiments	O
revealed	O
that	O
viral	O
replication	O
was	O
significantly	O
inhibited	O
if	O
tto	B-plant
was	O
added	O
within	O
2h	O
of	O
infection	B-disease
,	O
indicating	O
an	O
interference	O
with	O
an	O
early	O
step	O
of	O
the	O
viral	O
replicative	O
cycle	O
of	O
influenza	O
virus.	O
.	O

tto	B-plant
did	O
not	O
inhibit	O
influenza	B-disease
virus	O
neuraminidase	O
activity,	O
as	O
shown	O
by	O
the	O
experiment	O
measuring	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
4-methylumbelliferone,	O
cleaved	O
by	O
the	O
influenza	B-disease
virus	O
neuraminidase	O
from	O
the	O
fluorogenic	O
substrate	O
2\'-o-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-n-acetylneuraminic	O
acid.	O
.	O

tto	B-plant
did	O
not	O
inhibit	O
influenza	B-disease
virus	O
neuraminidase	O
activity,	O
as	O
shown	O
by	O
the	O
experiment	O
measuring	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
4-methylumbelliferone,	O
cleaved	O
by	O
the	O
influenza	B-disease
virus	O
neuraminidase	O
from	O
the	O
fluorogenic	O
substrate	O
2\'-o-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-n-acetylneuraminic	O
acid.	O

green	O
and	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
suppress	O
hyperglycemia	B-disease
and	O
insulin	O
resistance	O
by	O
retaining	O
the	O
expression	O
of	O
glucose	O
transporter	O
4inch	O
muscle	O
of	O
high-fat	O
diet-fed	O
c57bl/6j	O
mice.	O

green	O
and	O
black	B-plant
tea	I-plant
suppress	O
hyperglycemia	O
and	O
insulin	B-disease
resistance	I-disease
by	O
retaining	O
the	O
expression	O
of	O
glucose	O
transporter	O
4inch	O
muscle	O
of	O
high-fat	O
diet-fed	O
c57bl/6j	O
mice.	O

to	O
investigate	O
the	O
preventive	O
effects	O
of	O
tea	O
on	O
hyperglycemia	B-disease
and	O
insulin	O
resistance,	O
male	O
c57bl/6j	O
mice	O
were	O
given	O
a	O
high-fat	O
diet	O
containing	O
29%	O
lard	O
and	O
also	O
green	B-plant
or	I-plant
black	I-plant
tea	I-plant
ad	O
libitum	O
for	O
14	O
weeks.	O

to	O
investigate	O
the	O
preventive	O
effects	O
of	O
tea	O
on	O
hyperglycemia	O
and	O
insulin	B-disease
resistance	I-disease
,	O
male	O
c57bl/6j	O
mice	O
were	O
given	O
a	O
high-fat	O
diet	O
containing	O
29%	O
lard	O
and	O
also	O
green	B-plant
or	I-plant
black	I-plant
tea	I-plant
ad	O
libitum	O
for	O
14	O
weeks.	O

to	O
investigate	O
the	O
preventive	O
effects	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
on	O
hyperglycemia	B-disease
and	O
insulin	O
resistance,	O
male	O
c57bl/6j	O
mice	O
were	O
given	O
a	O
high-fat	O
diet	O
containing	O
29%	O
lard	O
and	O
also	O
green	O
or	O
black	O
tea	B-plant
ad	O
libitum	O
for	O
14	O
weeks.	O

to	O
investigate	O
the	O
preventive	O
effects	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
on	O
hyperglycemia	O
and	O
insulin	B-disease
resistance	I-disease
,	O
male	O
c57bl/6j	O
mice	O
were	O
given	O
a	O
high-fat	O
diet	O
containing	O
29%	O
lard	O
and	O
also	O
green	O
or	O
black	O
tea	B-plant
ad	O
libitum	O
for	O
14	O
weeks.	O

the	O
results	O
strongly	O
suggest	O
that	O
green	B-plant
and	I-plant
black	I-plant
tea	I-plant
suppress	O
high-fat	O
diet-evoked	O
hyperglycemia	B-disease
and	O
insulin	O
resistance	O
by	O
retaining	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
glut4	O
and	O
increasing	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
glut4	O
on	O
the	O
plasma	O
membrane	O
in	O
muscle.	O

the	O
results	O
strongly	O
suggest	O
that	O
green	B-plant
and	I-plant
black	I-plant
tea	I-plant
suppress	O
high-fat	O
diet-evoked	O
hyperglycemia	O
and	O
insulin	B-disease
resistance	I-disease
by	O
retaining	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
glut4	O
and	O
increasing	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
glut4	O
on	O
the	O
plasma	O
membrane	O
in	O
muscle.	O
.	O

zingiber	B-plant
officinale	I-plant
mitigates	O
brain	B-disease
damage	I-disease
and	O
improves	O
memory	O
impairment	O
in	O
focal	O
cerebral	O
ischemic	O
rat.	O
.	O

zingiber	B-plant
officinale	I-plant
mitigates	O
brain	O
damage	O
and	O
improves	O
memory	B-disease
impairment	I-disease
in	O
focal	O
cerebral	O
ischemic	O
rat.	O
.	O

zingiber	B-plant
officinale	I-plant
mitigates	O
brain	O
damage	O
and	O
improves	O
memory	O
impairment	O
in	O
focal	O
cerebral	B-disease
ischemic	I-disease
rat.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
possible	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
zingiber	B-plant
officinale	I-plant
,	O
a	O
medicinal	O
plant	O
reputed	O
for	O
neuroprotective	O
effect	O
against	O
oxidative	O
stress-related	O
brain	B-disease
damage	I-disease
,	O
on	O
brain	B-disease
damage	I-disease
and	O
memory	O
deficit	O
induced	O
by	O
focal	O
cerebral	O
ischemia	O
was	O
elucidated.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
possible	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
zingiber	B-plant
officinale	I-plant
,	O
a	O
medicinal	O
plant	O
reputed	O
for	O
neuroprotective	O
effect	O
against	O
oxidative	O
stress-related	O
brain	B-disease
damage	I-disease
,	O
on	O
brain	B-disease
damage	I-disease
and	O
memory	O
deficit	O
induced	O
by	O
focal	O
cerebral	O
ischemia	O
was	O
elucidated.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
possible	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
zingiber	B-plant
officinale	I-plant
,	O
a	O
medicinal	O
plant	O
reputed	O
for	O
neuroprotective	O
effect	O
against	O
oxidative	O
stress-related	O
brain	O
damage,	O
on	O
brain	O
damage	O
and	O
memory	B-disease
deficit	I-disease
induced	O
by	O
focal	O
cerebral	O
ischemia	O
was	O
elucidated.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
possible	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
zingiber	B-plant
officinale	I-plant
,	O
a	O
medicinal	O
plant	O
reputed	O
for	O
neuroprotective	O
effect	O
against	O
oxidative	O
stress-related	O
brain	O
damage,	O
on	O
brain	O
damage	O
and	O
memory	O
deficit	O
induced	O
by	O
focal	O
cerebral	B-disease
ischemia	I-disease
was	O
elucidated.	O

male	O
adult	O
wistar	O
rats	O
were	O
administrated	O
an	O
alcoholic	O
extract	O
of	O
ginger	B-plant
rhizome	O
orally	O
14	O
days	O
before	O
and	O
21	O
days	O
after	O
the	O
permanent	O
occlusion	B-disease
of	O
right	O
middle	O
cerebral	O
artery	O
(mcao).	O

the	O
results	O
showed	O
that	O
cognitive	O
function	O
and	O
neurons	O
density	O
in	O
hippocampus	O
of	O
rats	O
receiving	O
ginger	B-plant
rhizome	O
extract	O
were	O
improved	O
while	O
the	O
brain	O
infarct	B-disease
volume	O
was	O
decreased.	O

in	O
conclusion,	O
our	O
study	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
beneficial	O
effect	O
of	O
ginger	B-plant
rhizome	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
focal	O
cerebral	B-disease
ischemia	I-disease
.	O

new	O
cancer	B-disease
treatment	O
strategy	O
using	O
combination	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
catechins	O
and	O
anti	O
cancer	B-disease
drugs.	O
.	O

green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
is	O
now	O
recognized	O
as	O
the	O
most	O
effective	O
cancer	B-disease
preventive	O
beverage.	O

in	O
one	O
study,	O
10	O
japanese-size	O
cups	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
daily	O
supplemented	O
with	O
tablets	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
extract	O
limited	O
the	O
recurrence	O
of	O
colorectal	B-disease
polyps	I-disease
in	O
humans	O
to	O
50%.	O

in	O
one	O
study,	O
10	O
japanese-size	O
cups	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
daily	O
supplemented	O
with	O
tablets	O
of	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
extract	O
limited	O
the	O
recurrence	O
of	O
colorectal	B-disease
polyps	I-disease
in	O
humans	O
to	O
50%.	O

thus,	O
cancer	B-disease
patients	O
who	O
consume	O
green	B-plant
tea	I-plant
and	O
take	O
anti	O
cancer	B-disease
drugs	O
will	O
have	O
double	O
prevention.	O
.	O

hibiscus	B-plant
sabdariffa	I-plant
linne	I-plant
is	O
a	O
traditional	O
chinese	O
rose	O
tea	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
effectively	O
used	O
in	O
folk	O
medicines	O
for	O
treatment	O
of	O
hypertension	B-disease
,	O
inflammatory	O
conditions.	O
.	O

hibiscus	B-plant
sabdariffa	I-plant
linne	I-plant
is	O
a	O
traditional	O
chinese	O
rose	O
tea	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
effectively	O
used	O
in	O
folk	O
medicines	O
for	O
treatment	O
of	O
hypertension,	O
inflammatory	B-disease
conditions	I-disease
.	O

hibiscus	O
sabdariffa	O
linne	O
is	O
a	O
traditional	O
chinese	B-plant
rose	I-plant
tea	I-plant
and	O
has	O
been	O
effectively	O
used	O
in	O
folk	O
medicines	O
for	O
treatment	O
of	O
hypertension	B-disease
,	O
inflammatory	O
conditions.	O

hibiscus	O
sabdariffa	O
linne	O
is	O
a	O
traditional	O
chinese	B-plant
rose	I-plant
tea	I-plant
and	O
has	O
been	O
effectively	O
used	O
in	O
folk	O
medicines	O
for	O
treatment	O
of	O
hypertension,	O
inflammatory	B-disease
conditions	I-disease
.	O
.	O

pca	B-plant
and	O
has	O
protected	O
against	O
oxidative	B-disease
damage	I-disease
induced	O
by	O
tert-butyl	O
droperoxide	O
(t-bhp)	O
in	O
rat	O
primary	O
hepatocytes.	O

pca	O
and	O
has	B-plant
protected	O
against	O
oxidative	B-disease
damage	I-disease
induced	O
by	O
tert-butyl	O
droperoxide	O
(t-bhp)	O
in	O
rat	O
primary	O
hepatocytes.	O

in	O
rabbits	O
fed	O
cholesterol	O
and	O
human	O
experimental	O
studies,	O
these	O
studies	O
imply	O
hse	B-plant
could	O
be	O
pursued	O
as	O
atherosclerosis	B-disease
chemopreventive	O
agents	O
as	O
they	O
inhibit	O
ldl	O
oxidation,	O
foam	O
cell	O
formation,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
smooth	O
muscle	O
cell	O
migration	O
and	O
proliferation.	O
.	O

has	B-plant
and	O
hpe	O
were	O
demonstrated	O
to	O
cause	O
cancer	B-disease
cell	O
apoptosis,	O
especially	O
in	O
leukemia	O
and	O
gastric	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O
.	O

has	B-plant
and	O
hpe	O
were	O
demonstrated	O
to	O
cause	O
cancer	O
cell	O
apoptosis,	O
especially	O
in	O
leukemia	B-disease
and	O
gastric	O
cancer.	O
.	O

has	B-plant
and	O
hpe	O
were	O
demonstrated	O
to	O
cause	O
cancer	O
cell	O
apoptosis,	O
especially	O
in	O
leukemia	O
and	O
gastric	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

has	O
and	O
hpe	B-plant
were	O
demonstrated	O
to	O
cause	O
cancer	B-disease
cell	O
apoptosis,	O
especially	O
in	O
leukemia	O
and	O
gastric	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

has	O
and	O
hpe	B-plant
were	O
demonstrated	O
to	O
cause	O
cancer	O
cell	O
apoptosis,	O
especially	O
in	O
leukemia	B-disease
and	O
gastric	O
cancer.	O

has	O
and	O
hpe	B-plant
were	O
demonstrated	O
to	O
cause	O
cancer	O
cell	O
apoptosis,	O
especially	O
in	O
leukemia	O
and	O
gastric	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

more	O
recent	O
studies	O
investigated	O
the	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
hse	B-plant
and	O
hpe	O
in	O
streptozotocin	O
induced	O
diabetic	B-disease
nephropathy	I-disease
.	O

more	O
recent	O
studies	O
investigated	O
the	O
protective	O
effect	O
of	O
hse	O
and	O
hpe	B-plant
in	O
streptozotocin	O
induced	O
diabetic	B-disease
nephropathy	I-disease
.	O

from	O
all	O
these	O
studies,	O
it	O
is	O
clear	O
that	O
various	O
h.	B-plant
sabdariffa	I-plant
extracts	O
exhibit	O
activities	O
against	O
atherosclerosis	B-disease
,	O
liver	O
disease,	O
cancer,	O
diabetes	O
and	O
other	O
metabolic	O
syndromes.	O

from	O
all	O
these	O
studies,	O
it	O
is	O
clear	O
that	O
various	O
h.	B-plant
sabdariffa	I-plant
extracts	O
exhibit	O
activities	O
against	O
atherosclerosis,	O
liver	B-disease
disease	I-disease
,	O
cancer,	O
diabetes	O
and	O
other	O
metabolic	O
syndromes.	O

from	O
all	O
these	O
studies,	O
it	O
is	O
clear	O
that	O
various	O
h.	B-plant
sabdariffa	I-plant
extracts	O
exhibit	O
activities	O
against	O
atherosclerosis,	O
liver	O
disease,	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
diabetes	O
and	O
other	O
metabolic	O
syndromes.	O

from	O
all	O
these	O
studies,	O
it	O
is	O
clear	O
that	O
various	O
h.	B-plant
sabdariffa	I-plant
extracts	O
exhibit	O
activities	O
against	O
atherosclerosis,	O
liver	O
disease,	O
cancer,	O
diabetes	B-disease
and	O
other	O
metabolic	O
syndromes.	O

from	O
all	O
these	O
studies,	O
it	O
is	O
clear	O
that	O
various	O
h.	B-plant
sabdariffa	I-plant
extracts	O
exhibit	O
activities	O
against	O
atherosclerosis,	O
liver	O
disease,	O
cancer,	O
diabetes	O
and	O
other	O
metabolic	B-disease
syndromes	I-disease
.	O

association	O
between	O
areca	B-plant
-stimulated	O
vimentin	O
expression	O
and	O
the	O
progression	O
of	O
head	B-disease
and	I-disease
neck	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

background:	O
areca	B-plant
nut	I-plant
chewing	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
oral	O
habit	O
of	O
asians	O
that	O
is	O
closely	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
high	O
incidence	O
of	O
head	B-disease
and	I-disease
neck	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
.	O

the	O
purpose	O
of	O
this	O
study	O
was	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
impacts	O
of	O
areca	B-plant
nut	I-plant
chewing	O
on	O
neoplastic	O
process	O
of	O
head	B-disease
and	I-disease
neck	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
.	O

methods:	O
head	B-disease
and	I-disease
neck	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
cells	O
were	O
treated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	I-plant
extract	O
to	O
perceive	O
the	O
phenotypic	O
impacts.	O
.	O

tumor	B-disease
tissues	O
were	O
analyzed	O
with	O
immunohistochemistry	O
(ihc)	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
areca	B-plant
-associated	O
molecular	O
changes	O
and	O
clinical	O
variables.	O

results:	O
upon	O
treatment	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	I-plant
extract,	O
carcinoma	B-disease
cells	O
showed	O
the	O
increase	O
of	O
vimentin.	O

conclusion:	O
areca	B-plant
-modulated	O
vimentin	O
expression	O
enhanced	O
the	O
progression	O
of	O
head	B-disease
and	I-disease
neck	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
and	O
cutaneous	B-disease
squamous	I-disease
cell	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
:	O
a	O
16-year	O
longitudinal	O
population-based	O
study.	O

background:	O
although	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
is	O
commonly	O
cited	O
as	O
a	O
risk	O
factor	O
for	O
cutaneous	B-disease
squamous	I-disease
cell	I-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
(scc),	O
the	O
evidence	O
from	O
previous	O
clinical	O
and	O
case-control	O
studies	O
is	O
conflicting.	O

background:	O
although	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
is	O
commonly	O
cited	O
as	O
a	O
risk	O
factor	O
for	O
cutaneous	O
squamous	O
cell	O
carcinoma	O
(	O
scc	B-disease
),	O
the	O
evidence	O
from	O
previous	O
clinical	O
and	O
case-control	O
studies	O
is	O
conflicting.	O

we	O
therefore	O
aimed	O
to	O
prospectively	O
examine	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
scc	B-disease
of	O
the	O
skin	O
in	O
a	O
population-based	O
study.	O

conclusions:	O
in	O
this	O
australian	O
follow-up	O
study,	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
did	O
not	O
increase	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
scc	B-disease
of	O
the	O
skin.	O

impact:	O
these	O
prospective	O
adjusted	O
data	O
provide	O
strong	O
evidence	O
which	O
suggests	O
that	O
cutaneous	O
scc	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

impact:	O
these	O
prospective	O
adjusted	O
data	O
provide	O
strong	O
evidence	O
which	O
suggests	O
that	O
cutaneous	O
scc	B-disease
should	O
not	O
be	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers.	O
.	O

lemon	B-plant
verbena	I-plant
infusion	O
consumption	O
attenuates	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
in	O
dextran	O
sulfate	O
sodium-induced	O
colitis	B-disease
in	O
the	O
rat.	O

aims:	O
this	O
study	O
evaluated	O
the	O
preventive	O
effects	O
of	O
lemon	B-plant
verbena	I-plant
infusion	O
consumption	O
against	O
mild-to-moderate	O
dextran	O
sulfate	O
sodium	O
(dss)-induced	O
colitis	B-disease
in	O
rats.	O

conclusion:	O
our	O
study	O
shows	O
that	O
the	O
preventive	O
consumption	O
of	O
lemon	B-plant
verbena	I-plant
infusion	O
offered	O
some	O
antioxidative	O
protection	O
during	O
experimental	O
colitis	B-disease
by	O
stimulating	O
sod	O
activity	O
and	O
decreasing	O
lipid	O
peroxidation.	O

dietary	O
wolfberry	B-plant
ameliorates	O
retinal	O
structure	O
abnormalities	O
in	O
db/db	O
mice	O
at	O
the	O
early	O
stage	O
of	O
diabetes	B-disease
.	O

dietary	O
wolfberry	B-plant
ameliorates	O
retinal	B-disease
structure	I-disease
abnormalities	I-disease
in	O
db/db	O
mice	O
at	O
the	O
early	O
stage	O
of	O
diabetes.	O
.	O

wolfberry	B-plant
is	O
a	O
traditional	O
asian	O
fruit	O
consumed	O
for	O
years	O
to	O
prevent	O
aging	O
eye	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
in	O
asian	O
countries.	O

here	O
we	O
report	O
that	O
dietary	O
wolfberry	B-plant
ameliorated	O
mouse	O
retinal	B-disease
abnormality	I-disease
at	O
the	O
early	O
stage	O
of	O
type	O
2	O
diabetes	O
in	O
db/db	O
mice.	O

here	O
we	O
report	O
that	O
dietary	O
wolfberry	B-plant
ameliorated	O
mouse	O
retinal	O
abnormality	O
at	O
the	O
early	O
stage	O
of	O
type	B-disease
2	I-disease
diabetes	I-disease
in	O
db/db	O
mice.	O

taken	O
together,	O
dietary	O
wolfberry	B-plant
on	O
retinal	O
protection	O
in	O
diabetic	B-disease
mice	O
is,	O
at	O
least	O
partially,	O
due	O
to	O
zeaxanthin	O
and/or	O
lutein.	O

the	O
ethanol	O
extract	O
from	O
the	O
dried	O
exudate	O
of	O
bursera	B-plant
fagaroides	I-plant
(burseraceae)	O
showed	O
significant	O
cytotoxic	O
activity	O
in	O
the	O
ht-29	O
(human	O
colon	B-disease
adenocarcinoma	I-disease
)	O
test	O
system.	O

the	O
ethanol	O
extract	O
from	O
the	O
dried	O
exudate	O
of	O
bursera	O
fagaroides	O
(	O
burseraceae	B-plant
)	O
showed	O
significant	O
cytotoxic	O
activity	O
in	O
the	O
ht-29	O
(human	O
colon	B-disease
adenocarcinoma	I-disease
)	O
test	O
system.	O

benefits	O
of	O
whole	O
ginger	B-plant
extract	O
in	O
prostate	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

here,	O
we	O
show	O
that	O
whole	O
ginger	B-plant
extract	O
(ge)	O
exerts	O
significant	O
growth-inhibitory	O
and	O
death-inductory	O
effects	O
in	O
a	O
spectrum	O
of	O
prostate	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells.	O

here,	O
we	O
show	O
that	O
whole	O
ginger	O
extract	O
(	O
ge	B-plant
)	O
exerts	O
significant	O
growth-inhibitory	O
and	O
death-inductory	O
effects	O
in	O
a	O
spectrum	O
of	O
prostate	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells.	O

comprehensive	O
studies	O
have	O
confirmed	O
that	O
ge	B-plant
perturbed	O
cell-cycle	O
progression,	O
impaired	O
reproductive	O
capacity,	O
modulated	O
cell-cycle	O
and	O
apoptosis	O
regulatory	O
molecules	O
and	O
induced	O
a	O
caspase-driven,	O
mitochondrially	O
mediated	O
apoptosis	O
in	O
human	O
prostate	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells.	O

remarkably,	O
daily	O
oral	O
feeding	O
of	O
100	O
mg/kg	O
body	O
weight	O
of	O
ge	B-plant
inhibited	O
growth	O
and	O
progression	O
of	O
pc-3	O
xenografts	O
by	O
approximately	O
56	O
%	O
in	O
nude	O
mice,	O
as	O
shown	O
by	O
measurements	O
of	O
tumour	B-disease
volume.	O
.	O

tumour	B-disease
tissue	O
from	O
ge	B-plant
-treated	O
mice	O
showed	O
reduced	O
proliferation	O
index	O
and	O
widespread	O
apoptosis	O
compared	O
with	O
controls,	O
as	O
determined	O
by	O
immunoblotting	O
and	O
immunohistochemical	O
methods.	O

most	O
importantly,	O
ge	B-plant
did	O
not	O
exert	O
any	O
detectable	O
toxicity	B-disease
in	O
normal,	O
rapidly	O
dividing	O
tissues	O
such	O
as	O
gut	O
and	O
bone	O
marrow.	O

to	O
the	O
best	O
of	O
our	O
knowledge,	O
this	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
report	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
the	O
in	O
vitro	O
and	O
in	O
vivo	O
anticancer	O
activity	O
of	O
whole	O
ge	B-plant
for	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
prostate	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

vision	O
preservation	O
during	O
retinal	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
by	O
anthocyanin-rich	O
bilberry	B-plant
extract:	O
cellular	O
and	O
molecular	O
mechanism.	O

at	O
the	O
cellular	O
level,	O
we	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
eiu	B-disease
-associated	O
rhodopsin	O
decreased	O
and	O
the	O
shortening	O
of	O
outer	O
segments	O
in	O
photoreceptor	O
cells	O
were	O
suppressed	O
in	O
the	O
bilberry	B-plant
-extract-treated	O
animals.	O

in	O
addition	O
to	O
its	O
anti-inflammatory	O
effect,	O
the	O
anthocyanin-rich	O
bilberry	B-plant
extract	O
ameliorated	O
the	O
intracellular	O
elevation	O
of	O
reactive	O
oxygen	O
species	O
and	O
activated	O
nf-kb,	O
a	O
redox-sensitive	O
transcription	O
factor,	O
in	O
the	O
inflamed	B-disease
retina	I-disease
.	O

our	O
findings	O
indicate	O
that	O
anthocyanin-rich	O
bilberry	B-plant
extract	O
has	O
a	O
protective	O
effect	O
on	O
visual	O
function	O
during	O
retinal	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
.	O

in	O
vitro	O
antioxidant	O
and	O
anticancer	O
activity	O
of	O
young	O
zingiber	B-plant
officinale	I-plant
against	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
cell	O
lines.	O

the	O
present	O
work	O
is	O
aimed	O
to	O
find	O
out	O
antioxidant	O
and	O
anticancer	O
activities	O
of	O
two	O
bangladeshi	O
ginger	B-plant
varieties	O
(fulbaria	O
and	O
syedpuri)	O
at	O
young	O
age	O
grown	O
under	O
ambient	O
(400	O
mol/mol)	O
and	O
elevated	O
(800	O
mol/mol)	O
co2	O
concentrations	O
against	O
two	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cell	O
lines	O
(mcf-7	O
and	O
mda-mb-231).	O

the	O
results	O
showed	O
that	O
enriched	O
ginger	B-plant
extract	O
(rhizomes)	O
exhibited	O
the	O
highest	O
anti	O
cancer	B-disease
activity	O
on	O
mcf-7	O
cancer	B-disease
cells	O
with	O
ic50	O
values	O
of	O
34.8	O
and	O
25.7	O
g/ml	O
for	O
fulbaria	O
and	O
syedpuri	O
respectively.	O

the	O
use	O
of	O
ginger	B-plant
grown	O
under	O
elevated	O
co2	O
concentration	O
may	O
have	O
potential	O
in	O
the	O
treatment	O
and	O
prevention	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

projected	O
effects	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
on	O
worldwide	O
tuberculosis	B-disease
control:	O
mathematical	O
modelling	O
analysis.	O

the	O
model	O
estimated	O
that	O
aggressive	O
tobacco	B-plant
control	O
(achieving	O
a	O
1%	O
decrease	O
in	O
smoking	O
prevalence	O
per	O
year	O
down	O
to	O
eradication)	O
would	O
avert	O
27	O
million	O
smoking	O
attributable	O
deaths	O
from	O
tuberculosis	B-disease
by	O
2050.	O

however,	O
if	O
the	O
prevalence	O
of	O
smoking	O
increased	O
to	O
50%	O
of	O
adults	O
(as	O
observed	O
in	O
countries	O
with	O
high	O
tobacco	B-plant
use),	O
the	O
model	O
estimated	O
that	O
34	O
million	O
additional	O
deaths	O
from	O
tuberculosis	B-disease
would	O
occur	O
by	O
2050.	O

conclusions:	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
could	O
substantially	O
increase	O
tuberculosis	B-disease
cases	O
and	O
deaths	O
worldwide	O
in	O
coming	O
years,	O
undermining	O
progress	O
towards	O
tuberculosis	B-disease
mortality	O
targets.	O

conclusions:	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoking	O
could	O
substantially	O
increase	O
tuberculosis	B-disease
cases	O
and	O
deaths	O
worldwide	O
in	O
coming	O
years,	O
undermining	O
progress	O
towards	O
tuberculosis	B-disease
mortality	O
targets.	O

aggressive	O
tobacco	B-plant
control	O
could	O
avert	O
millions	O
of	O
deaths	O
from	O
tuberculosis	B-disease
.	O

elastase	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
currently	O
identified	O
target	O
protein	O
for	O
indole-3-carbinol	O
(i3c),	O
a	O
naturally	O
occurring	O
hydrolysis	O
product	O
of	O
glucobrassicin	O
in	O
cruciferous	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
broccoli	B-plant
,	O
cabbage,	O
and	O
brussels	O
sprouts	O
that	O
induces	O
a	O
cell	O
cycle	O
arrest	O
and	O
apoptosis	O
of	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells.	O

elastase	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
currently	O
identified	O
target	O
protein	O
for	O
indole-3-carbinol	O
(i3c),	O
a	O
naturally	O
occurring	O
hydrolysis	O
product	O
of	O
glucobrassicin	O
in	O
cruciferous	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
broccoli,	O
cabbage	B-plant
,	O
and	O
brussels	O
sprouts	O
that	O
induces	O
a	O
cell	O
cycle	O
arrest	O
and	O
apoptosis	O
of	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells.	O

elastase	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
currently	O
identified	O
target	O
protein	O
for	O
indole-3-carbinol	O
(i3c),	O
a	O
naturally	O
occurring	O
hydrolysis	O
product	O
of	O
glucobrassicin	O
in	O
cruciferous	O
vegetables	O
such	O
as	O
broccoli,	O
cabbage,	O
and	O
brussels	B-plant
sprouts	I-plant
that	O
induces	O
a	O
cell	O
cycle	O
arrest	O
and	O
apoptosis	O
of	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells.	O

elastase	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
currently	O
identified	O
target	O
protein	O
for	O
indole-3-carbinol	O
(i3c),	O
a	O
naturally	O
occurring	O
hydrolysis	O
product	O
of	O
glucobrassicin	O
in	O
cruciferous	B-plant
vegetables	I-plant
such	O
as	O
broccoli,	O
cabbage,	O
and	O
brussels	O
sprouts	O
that	O
induces	O
a	O
cell	O
cycle	O
arrest	O
and	O
apoptosis	O
of	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells.	O

toward	O
the	O
identification	O
of	O
communities	O
with	O
increased	O
tobacco	B-plant
-associated	O
cancer	B-disease
burden:	O
application	O
of	O
spatial	O
modeling	O
techniques.	O

identifying	O
areas	O
with	O
higher	O
than	O
average	O
cancer	B-disease
risk	O
and	O
smoking	O
rates,	O
then	O
targeting	O
those	O
areas	O
for	O
intervention,	O
is	O
one	O
approach	O
to	O
more	O
rapidly	O
lower	O
the	O
overall	O
tobacco	B-plant
disease	O
burden	O
in	O
a	O
given	O
state.	O

our	O
research	O
team	O
used	O
spatial	O
modeling	O
techniques	O
to	O
identify	O
areas	O
in	O
florida	O
with	O
higher	O
than	O
expected	O
tobacco	B-plant
-associated	O
cancer	B-disease
incidence	O
clusters.	O

materials	O
and	O
methods:	O
geocoded	O
tobacco	B-plant
-associated	O
incident	O
cancer	B-disease
data	O
from	O
1998	O
to	O
2002	O
from	O
the	O
florida	O
cancer	O
data	O
system	O
were	O
used.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-associated	O
cancers	B-disease
included	O
lung,	O
esophageal,	O
and	O
h/n	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-associated	O
cancers	O
included	O
lung,	O
esophageal,	O
and	O
h/n	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-associated	O
cancers	O
included	O
lung,	B-disease
esophageal,	I-disease
and	I-disease
h/n	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-associated	O
cancers	O
included	O
lung,	O
esophageal,	B-disease
and	I-disease
h/n	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
.	O

satscan	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
identify	O
geographic	O
areas	O
that	O
had	O
statistically	O
significant	O
(p	O
<0.10)	O
excess	O
age-adjusted	O
rates	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-associated	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

however,	O
spatial	O
analyses	O
may	O
be	O
most	O
useful	O
when	O
examining	O
incident	O
clusters	O
where	O
several	O
tobacco	B-plant
-associated	O
cancer	B-disease
clusters	O
overlap.	O

focusing	O
on	O
overlapping	O
cancer	B-disease
clusters	O
may	O
help	O
investigators	O
identify	O
priority	O
areas	O
for	O
further	O
screening,	O
detailed	O
assessments	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
use,	O
and/or	O
prevention	O
and	O
cessation	O
interventions	O
to	O
decrease	O
risk.	O

epidemiological	O
evidence	O
shows	O
that	O
regular	O
consumption	O
of	O
brassicaceae	B-plant
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
and	O
heart	O
disease.	O

epidemiological	O
evidence	O
shows	O
that	O
regular	O
consumption	O
of	O
brassicaceae	B-plant
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
cancer	O
and	O
heart	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O
.	O

coriander	B-plant
has	O
been	O
recommended	O
for	O
the	O
relief	O
of	O
pain	B-disease
,	O
anxiety,	O
flatulence,	O
and	O
loss	O
of	O
appetite.	O
.	O

coriander	B-plant
has	O
been	O
recommended	O
for	O
the	O
relief	O
of	O
pain,	O
anxiety	B-disease
,	O
flatulence,	O
and	O
loss	O
of	O
appetite.	O
.	O

coriander	B-plant
has	O
been	O
recommended	O
for	O
the	O
relief	O
of	O
pain,	O
anxiety,	O
flatulence	B-disease
,	O
and	O
loss	O
of	O
appetite.	O
.	O

coriander	B-plant
has	O
been	O
recommended	O
for	O
the	O
relief	O
of	O
pain,	O
anxiety,	O
flatulence,	O
and	O
loss	B-disease
of	I-disease
appetite	I-disease
.	O

in	O
traditional	O
medicine,	O
it	O
is	O
believed	O
that	O
coriander	B-plant
can	O
induce	O
some	O
degree	O
of	O
amnesia	B-disease
in	O
a	O
child	O
when	O
his/her	O
mother	O
uses	O
coriander	B-plant
during	O
the	O
pregnancy.	O

in	O
traditional	O
medicine,	O
it	O
is	O
believed	O
that	O
coriander	B-plant
can	O
induce	O
some	O
degree	O
of	O
amnesia	B-disease
in	O
a	O
child	O
when	O
his/her	O
mother	O
uses	O
coriander	B-plant
during	O
the	O
pregnancy.	O

no	O
modification	O
in	O
the	O
pain	B-disease
threshold	O
was	O
elicited	O
by	O
electric	O
stimuli	O
both	O
in	O
coriander	B-plant
and	O
control	O
groups.	O

perceived	O
health	O
risks,	O
attitude	O
and	O
readiness	O
to	O
quit	O
tobacco	B-plant
among	O
euthymic	B-disease
bipolar	I-disease
disorder	I-disease
patients	O
in	O
regular	O
contact	O
with	O
mental	O
health	O
services:	O
an	O
exploratory	O
study	O
from	O
india.	O

background:	O
patients	O
with	O
bipolar	B-disease
disorder	I-disease
(bd)	O
are	O
at	O
higher	O
risk	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
harm	O
compared	O
with	O
general	O
population.	O

background:	O
patients	O
with	O
bipolar	O
disorder	O
(	O
bd	B-disease
)	O
are	O
at	O
higher	O
risk	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
harm	O
compared	O
with	O
general	O
population.	O

aim:	O
the	O
study	O
aims	O
to	O
explore	O
the	O
perceived	O
health	O
risks,	O
attitude	O
and	O
readiness	O
to	O
quit	O
tobacco	B-plant
among	O
euthymic	O
bd	B-disease
patients.	O

the	O
non-readiness	O
to	O
change	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
was	O
predicted	O
by	O
difficulty	O
in	O
quitting	O
due	O
to	O
mood	B-disease
disorder	I-disease
(odds	O
ratio	O
(or)	O
0.229)	O
and	O
a	O
higher	O
perceived	O
ability	O
to	O
quit	O
(or	O
0.328).	O

conclusion:	O
the	O
knowledge	O
and	O
risk	O
perception	O
for	O
tobacco	B-plant
remains	O
inadequate	O
even	O
among	O
the	O
stable	O
bd	B-disease
type	I-disease
i	I-disease
patients	O
in	O
regular	O
contact	O
with	O
mental	O
health	O
services.	O

the	O
aim	O
of	O
this	O
review	O
is	O
to	O
summarize	O
present	O
knowledge	O
of	O
genetic	O
variation	O
in	O
cytochrome	O
p450	O
1b1	O
(cyp1b1)	O
and	O
2c9	O
(cyp2c9)	O
genes	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
female	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
chronic	O
obstructive	O
pulmonary	O
disease	O
and	O
ischemic	O
vascular	O
disease.	O

the	O
aim	O
of	O
this	O
review	O
is	O
to	O
summarize	O
present	O
knowledge	O
of	O
genetic	O
variation	O
in	O
cytochrome	O
p450	O
1b1	O
(cyp1b1)	O
and	O
2c9	O
(cyp2c9)	O
genes	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
female	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
chronic	O
obstructive	O
pulmonary	O
disease	O
and	O
ischemic	O
vascular	O
disease.	O

the	O
aim	O
of	O
this	O
review	O
is	O
to	O
summarize	O
present	O
knowledge	O
of	O
genetic	O
variation	O
in	O
cytochrome	O
p450	O
1b1	O
(cyp1b1)	O
and	O
2c9	O
(cyp2c9)	O
genes	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer,	O
female	O
cancer,	O
chronic	B-disease
obstructive	I-disease
pulmonary	I-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
ischemic	O
vascular	O
disease.	O

the	O
aim	O
of	O
this	O
review	O
is	O
to	O
summarize	O
present	O
knowledge	O
of	O
genetic	O
variation	O
in	O
cytochrome	O
p450	O
1b1	O
(cyp1b1)	O
and	O
2c9	O
(cyp2c9)	O
genes	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer,	O
female	O
cancer,	O
chronic	O
obstructive	O
pulmonary	O
disease	O
and	O
ischemic	B-disease
vascular	I-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

recently,	O
large	O
studies	O
on	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
genetic	O
variation	O
in	O
cyp1b1	O
and	O
cyp2c9	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
disease	O
with	O
considerable	O
statistical	O
power	O
rebutted	O
the	O
hypotheses	O
that	O
these	O
genetic	O
variants	O
affect	O
risk	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
female	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
chronic	O
obstructive	O
pulmonary	O
disease	O
and	O
ischemic	O
vascular	O
disease.	O

recently,	O
large	O
studies	O
on	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
genetic	O
variation	O
in	O
cyp1b1	O
and	O
cyp2c9	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
disease	O
with	O
considerable	O
statistical	O
power	O
rebutted	O
the	O
hypotheses	O
that	O
these	O
genetic	O
variants	O
affect	O
risk	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
female	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
chronic	O
obstructive	O
pulmonary	O
disease	O
and	O
ischemic	O
vascular	O
disease.	O

recently,	O
large	O
studies	O
on	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
genetic	O
variation	O
in	O
cyp1b1	O
and	O
cyp2c9	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
disease	O
with	O
considerable	O
statistical	O
power	O
rebutted	O
the	O
hypotheses	O
that	O
these	O
genetic	O
variants	O
affect	O
risk	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer,	O
female	O
cancer,	O
chronic	B-disease
obstructive	I-disease
pulmonary	I-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
ischemic	O
vascular	O
disease.	O

recently,	O
large	O
studies	O
on	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
genetic	O
variation	O
in	O
cyp1b1	O
and	O
cyp2c9	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
disease	O
with	O
considerable	O
statistical	O
power	O
rebutted	O
the	O
hypotheses	O
that	O
these	O
genetic	O
variants	O
affect	O
risk	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer,	O
female	O
cancer,	O
chronic	O
obstructive	O
pulmonary	O
disease	O
and	O
ischemic	B-disease
vascular	I-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O
.	O

fenugreek	B-plant
,	O
a	O
naturally	O
occurring	O
edible	O
spice,	O
kills	O
mcf-7	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells	O
via	O
an	O
apoptotic	O
pathway.	O

trigonella	O
foenum	O
graecum	O
(	O
fenugreek	B-plant
)	O
is	O
traditionally	O
applied	O
to	O
treat	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
diabetes	B-disease
,	O
high	O
cholesterol,	O
wounds,	O
inflammation,	O
and	O
gastrointestinal	O
ailments.	O

trigonella	O
foenum	O
graecum	O
(	O
fenugreek	B-plant
)	O
is	O
traditionally	O
applied	O
to	O
treat	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
diabetes,	O
high	O
cholesterol,	O
wounds,	O
inflammation,	O
and	O
gastrointestinal	B-disease
ailments	I-disease
.	O

trigonella	O
foenum	O
graecum	O
(	O
fenugreek	B-plant
)	O
is	O
traditionally	O
applied	O
to	O
treat	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
diabetes,	O
high	O
cholesterol,	O
wounds,	O
inflammation	B-disease
,	O
and	O
gastrointestinal	O
ailments.	O

trigonella	O
foenum	O
graecum	O
(	O
fenugreek	B-plant
)	O
is	O
traditionally	O
applied	O
to	O
treat	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
diabetes,	O
high	B-disease
cholesterol	I-disease
,	O
wounds,	O
inflammation,	O
and	O
gastrointestinal	O
ailments.	O

trigonella	O
foenum	O
graecum	O
(	O
fenugreek	B-plant
)	O
is	O
traditionally	O
applied	O
to	O
treat	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
diabetes,	O
high	O
cholesterol,	O
wounds	B-disease
,	O
inflammation,	O
and	O
gastrointestinal	O
ailments.	O
.	O

trigonella	B-plant
foenum	I-plant
graecum	I-plant
(fenugreek)	O
is	O
traditionally	O
applied	O
to	O
treat	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
diabetes	B-disease
,	O
high	O
cholesterol,	O
wounds,	O
inflammation,	O
and	O
gastrointestinal	O
ailments.	O
.	O

trigonella	B-plant
foenum	I-plant
graecum	I-plant
(fenugreek)	O
is	O
traditionally	O
applied	O
to	O
treat	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
diabetes,	O
high	O
cholesterol,	O
wounds,	O
inflammation,	O
and	O
gastrointestinal	B-disease
ailments	I-disease
.	O
.	O

trigonella	B-plant
foenum	I-plant
graecum	I-plant
(fenugreek)	O
is	O
traditionally	O
applied	O
to	O
treat	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
diabetes,	O
high	O
cholesterol,	O
wounds,	O
inflammation	B-disease
,	O
and	O
gastrointestinal	O
ailments.	O
.	O

trigonella	B-plant
foenum	I-plant
graecum	I-plant
(fenugreek)	O
is	O
traditionally	O
applied	O
to	O
treat	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
diabetes,	O
high	B-disease
cholesterol	I-disease
,	O
wounds,	O
inflammation,	O
and	O
gastrointestinal	O
ailments.	O
.	O

trigonella	B-plant
foenum	I-plant
graecum	I-plant
(fenugreek)	O
is	O
traditionally	O
applied	O
to	O
treat	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
diabetes,	O
high	O
cholesterol,	O
wounds	B-disease
,	O
inflammation,	O
and	O
gastrointestinal	O
ailments.	O

oxyresveratrol	O
is	O
a	O
potent	O
antioxidant	O
and	O
free-radical	O
scavenger	O
found	O
in	O
mulberry	O
wood	O
(	O
morus	B-plant
alba	I-plant
l	I-plant
.)	O
with	O
demonstrated	O
protective	O
effects	O
against	O
cerebral	B-disease
ischemia	I-disease
.	O

oxyresveratrol	O
is	O
a	O
potent	O
antioxidant	O
and	O
free-radical	O
scavenger	O
found	O
in	O
mulberry	B-plant
wood	I-plant
(morus	O
alba	O
l.)	O
with	O
demonstrated	O
protective	O
effects	O
against	O
cerebral	B-disease
ischemia	I-disease
.	O

background:	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
consumption	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
decreased	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
,	O
in	O
particular	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
(cvd).	O

background:	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
consumption	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
decreased	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
diseases,	O
in	O
particular	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
(cvd).	O

background:	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
consumption	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
decreased	O
risk	O
of	O
several	O
chronic	O
diseases,	O
in	O
particular	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
(	O
cvd	B-disease
).	O

objective:	O
we	O
evaluated	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
and	O
overall	O
and	O
cause-specific	O
mortality	O
in	O
the	O
spanish	O
population	O
in	O
the	O
european	O
prospective	O
investigation	O
into	O
cancer	B-disease
and	O
nutrition	O
(epic-spain).	O

the	O
association	O
between	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
(analyzed	O
as	O
a	O
categorical	O
and	O
continuous	O
variable)	O
and	O
overall	O
and	O
cause-specific	O
mortality	O
(	O
cvd	B-disease
,	O
cancer,	O
and	O
other	O
causes)	O
was	O
analyzed	O
by	O
using	O
cox	O
proportional	O
hazards	O
regression	O
models	O
adjusted	O
for	O
potential	O
confounders.	O

the	O
association	O
between	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
(analyzed	O
as	O
a	O
categorical	O
and	O
continuous	O
variable)	O
and	O
overall	O
and	O
cause-specific	O
mortality	O
(cvd,	O
cancer	B-disease
,	O
and	O
other	O
causes)	O
was	O
analyzed	O
by	O
using	O
cox	O
proportional	O
hazards	O
regression	O
models	O
adjusted	O
for	O
potential	O
confounders.	O

in	O
comparison	O
with	O
nonconsumers,	O
the	O
highest	O
quartile	O
of	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
26%	O
(95%	O
ci:	O
13%,	O
36%)	O
reduction	O
in	O
risk	O
of	O
overall	O
mortality	O
and	O
a	O
44%	O
(95%	O
ci:	O
21%,	O
60%)	O
reduction	O
in	O
cvd	B-disease
mortality.	O

for	O
each	O
increase	O
in	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
of	O
10gr	O
2000	O
kcal	O
d	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
7%	O
(95%	O
ci:	O
3%,	O
10%)	O
decreased	O
risk	O
of	O
overall	O
mortality	O
and	O
a	O
13%	O
(95%	O
ci:	O
6%,	O
20%)	O
decreased	O
risk	O
of	O
cvd	B-disease
mortality.	O

no	O
significant	O
association	O
was	O
observed	O
between	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
and	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality.	O

conclusions:	O
olive	B-plant
oil	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
decreased	O
risk	O
of	O
overall	O
mortality	O
and	O
an	O
important	O
reduction	O
in	O
cvd	B-disease
mortality	O
in	O
this	O
large	O
mediterranean	O
cohort.	O
.	O

areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
systemic	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
:	O
evidence	O
of	O
a	O
common	O
pathway	O
for	O
systemic	O
diseases.	O
.	O

areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
systemic	O
inflammation:	O
evidence	O
of	O
a	O
common	O
pathway	O
for	O
systemic	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
.	O
.	O

diabetes	B-disease
,	O
hypertension,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
oropharyngeal	O
and	O
oesophageal	O
cancers	O
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	O
diseases	O
remains	O
elusive.	O

diabetes,	O
hypertension	B-disease
,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
oropharyngeal	O
and	O
oesophageal	O
cancers	O
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	O
diseases	O
remains	O
elusive.	O

diabetes,	O
hypertension,	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
,	O
oropharyngeal	O
and	O
oesophageal	O
cancers	O
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	O
diseases	O
remains	O
elusive.	O

diabetes,	O
hypertension,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
oropharyngeal	B-disease
and	I-disease
oesophageal	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	O
diseases	O
remains	O
elusive.	O

diabetes,	O
hypertension,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
oropharyngeal	O
and	O
oesophageal	O
cancers	O
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
remains	O
elusive.	O

diabetes,	O
hypertension,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
oropharyngeal	O
and	O
oesophageal	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	O
diseases	O
remains	O
elusive.	O
.	O

diabetes	B-disease
,	O
hypertension,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
oropharyngeal	O
and	O
oesophageal	O
cancers	O
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	O
diseases	O
remains	O
elusive.	O

diabetes,	O
hypertension	B-disease
,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
oropharyngeal	O
and	O
oesophageal	O
cancers	O
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	O
diseases	O
remains	O
elusive.	O

diabetes,	O
hypertension,	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
,	O
oropharyngeal	O
and	O
oesophageal	O
cancers	O
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	O
diseases	O
remains	O
elusive.	O

diabetes,	O
hypertension,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
oropharyngeal	B-disease
and	I-disease
oesophageal	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	O
diseases	O
remains	O
elusive.	O

diabetes,	O
hypertension,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
oropharyngeal	O
and	O
oesophageal	O
cancers	O
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
remains	O
elusive.	O

diabetes,	O
hypertension,	O
cardiovascular	O
diseases,	O
oropharyngeal	O
and	O
oesophageal	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
have	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
and	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	O
diseases	O
remains	O
elusive.	O

we	O
hypothesize	O
that	O
systemic	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
may	O
be	O
elevated	O
among	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
users,	O
which	O
is	O
linked	O
with	O
many	O
systemic	O
diseases.	O

we	O
hypothesize	O
that	O
systemic	O
inflammation	O
may	O
be	O
elevated	O
among	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
users,	O
which	O
is	O
linked	O
with	O
many	O
systemic	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
.	O

therefore,	O
this	O
present	O
study	O
was	O
conducted	O
to	O
examine	O
the	O
systemic	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
among	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewers	O
and	O
healthy	O
controls.	O

increase	O
in	O
amount	O
of	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
consumption	O
had	O
a	O
significant	O
dose-response	O
relationship	O
with	O
systemic	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
(p	O
for	O
trend	O
<0.001).	O

conclusions:	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
chewing	O
has	O
a	O
significant	O
association	O
with	O
systemic	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
.	O

further	O
work	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
confirm	O
that	O
systemic	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
is	O
the	O
main	O
pathway	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
use	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	O
diseases.	O

further	O
work	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
confirm	O
that	O
systemic	O
inflammation	O
is	O
the	O
main	O
pathway	O
by	O
which	O
areca	B-plant
nut	O
use	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
systemic	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
.	O
.	O

rhodiola	B-plant
crenulata	I-plant
root	O
ameliorates	O
derangements	O
of	O
glucose	O
and	O
lipid	O
metabolism	O
in	O
a	O
rat	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
metabolic	B-disease
syndrome	I-disease
and	O
type	O
2	O
diabetes.	O
.	O

rhodiola	B-plant
crenulata	I-plant
root	O
ameliorates	O
derangements	O
of	O
glucose	O
and	O
lipid	O
metabolism	O
in	O
a	O
rat	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
metabolic	O
syndrome	O
and	O
type	B-disease
2	I-disease
diabetes	I-disease
.	O

ethnopharmacological	O
relevance:	O
rhodiola	B-plant
species	O
are	O
traditionally	O
used	O
as	O
tonics	O
and	O
stimulants	O
to	O
treat	O
asthenia	B-disease
,	O
suggesting	O
their	O
possible	O
regulatory	O
effect	O
on	O
energy	O
metabolism.	O

materials	O
and	O
methods:	O
zucker	O
diabetic	B-disease
fatty	O
(zdf)	O
rats	O
were	O
treated	O
with	O
rhodiola	B-plant
crenulata	I-plant
root	O
(rcr)	O
powder	O
(100	O
and	O
500	O
mg/kg,	O
by	O
gavage,	O
once	O
daily	O
for	O
4	O
weeks).	O

materials	O
and	O
methods:	O
zucker	O
diabetic	B-disease
fatty	O
(zdf)	O
rats	O
were	O
treated	O
with	O
rhodiola	O
crenulata	O
root	O
(	O
rcr	B-plant
)	O
powder	O
(100	O
and	O
500	O
mg/kg,	O
by	O
gavage,	O
once	O
daily	O
for	O
4	O
weeks).	O

in	O
addition,	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
rcr	O
on	O
sucrose-induced	O
acute	O
hyperglycemia	B-disease
in	O
mice	O
and	O
olive	B-plant
oil-induced	O
hypertriglyceridemia	O
in	O
rats	O
were	O
also	O
examined.	O

in	O
addition,	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
rcr	O
on	O
sucrose-induced	O
acute	O
hyperglycemia	O
in	O
mice	O
and	O
olive	B-plant
oil-induced	O
hypertriglyceridemia	B-disease
in	O
rats	O
were	O
also	O
examined.	O

in	O
addition,	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
rcr	B-plant
on	O
sucrose-induced	O
acute	O
hyperglycemia	B-disease
in	O
mice	O
and	O
olive	O
oil-induced	O
hypertriglyceridemia	O
in	O
rats	O
were	O
also	O
examined.	O

in	O
addition,	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
rcr	B-plant
on	O
sucrose-induced	O
acute	O
hyperglycemia	O
in	O
mice	O
and	O
olive	O
oil-induced	O
hypertriglyceridemia	B-disease
in	O
rats	O
were	O
also	O
examined.	O

however,	O
rcr	O
minimally	O
affected	O
sucrose-induced	O
acute	O
hyperglycemia	B-disease
in	O
mice	O
and	O
olive	B-plant
oil-induced	O
acute	O
hypertriglyceridemia	O
in	O
rats.	O

however,	O
rcr	O
minimally	O
affected	O
sucrose-induced	O
acute	O
hyperglycemia	O
in	O
mice	O
and	O
olive	B-plant
oil-induced	O
acute	O
hypertriglyceridemia	B-disease
in	O
rats.	O

however,	O
rcr	B-plant
minimally	O
affected	O
sucrose-induced	O
acute	O
hyperglycemia	B-disease
in	O
mice	O
and	O
olive	O
oil-induced	O
acute	O
hypertriglyceridemia	O
in	O
rats.	O

however,	O
rcr	B-plant
minimally	O
affected	O
sucrose-induced	O
acute	O
hyperglycemia	O
in	O
mice	O
and	O
olive	O
oil-induced	O
acute	O
hypertriglyceridemia	B-disease
in	O
rats.	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
present	O
results	O
demonstrate	O
that	O
rcr	B-plant
treatment	O
improves	O
metabolic	O
derangements	O
in	O
animal	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
metabolic	B-disease
syndrome	I-disease
and	O
type	O
2	O
diabetes.	O

conclusions:	O
the	O
present	O
results	O
demonstrate	O
that	O
rcr	B-plant
treatment	O
improves	O
metabolic	O
derangements	O
in	O
animal	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
metabolic	O
syndrome	O
and	O
type	B-disease
2	I-disease
diabetes	I-disease
.	O

persistent	O
cigarette	O
smoking	O
and	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
after	O
a	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
diagnosis.	O

persistent	O
cigarette	O
smoking	O
and	O
other	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
after	O
a	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
diagnosis.	O

these	O
risks	O
may	O
be	O
even	O
higher	O
among	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors	O
(trcs).	O

we	O
describe	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
behaviors	O
among	O
trcs,	O
other	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors,	O
and	O
people	O
without	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

we	O
describe	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
behaviors	O
among	O
trcs,	O
other	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors,	O
and	O
people	O
without	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

methods:	O
we	O
used	O
2009	O
behavioral	O
risk	O
factor	O
surveillance	O
system	O
data	O
to	O
describe	O
demographic	O
characteristics,	O
smoking	O
history,	O
current	O
smoking	O
prevalence,	O
and	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
among	O
trcs,	O
other	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors,	O
and	O
people	O
without	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
(cigarette	O
smoking	O
and	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
were	O
calculated	O
after	O
adjusting	O
for	O
age,	O
sex,	O
race,	O
and	O
insurance	O
status).	O

methods:	O
we	O
used	O
2009	O
behavioral	O
risk	O
factor	O
surveillance	O
system	O
data	O
to	O
describe	O
demographic	O
characteristics,	O
smoking	O
history,	O
current	O
smoking	O
prevalence,	O
and	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
among	O
trcs,	O
other	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors,	O
and	O
people	O
without	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
(cigarette	O
smoking	O
and	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
were	O
calculated	O
after	O
adjusting	O
for	O
age,	O
sex,	O
race,	O
and	O
insurance	O
status).	O

methods:	O
we	O
used	O
2009	O
behavioral	O
risk	O
factor	O
surveillance	O
system	O
data	O
to	O
describe	O
demographic	O
characteristics,	O
smoking	O
history,	O
current	O
smoking	O
prevalence,	O
and	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
among	O
trcs,	O
other	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors,	O
and	O
people	O
without	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
(cigarette	O
smoking	O
and	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
were	O
calculated	O
after	O
adjusting	O
for	O
age,	O
sex,	O
race,	O
and	O
insurance	O
status).	O

methods:	O
we	O
used	O
2009	O
behavioral	O
risk	O
factor	O
surveillance	O
system	O
data	O
to	O
describe	O
demographic	O
characteristics,	O
smoking	O
history,	O
current	O
smoking	O
prevalence,	O
and	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
among	O
trcs,	O
other	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors,	O
and	O
people	O
without	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
(cigarette	O
smoking	O
and	O
smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
were	O
calculated	O
after	O
adjusting	O
for	O
age,	O
sex,	O
race,	O
and	O
insurance	O
status).	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
were	O
defined	O
as	O
lung/bronchial,	O
pharyngeal,	O
laryngeal,	O
esophageal,	O
stomach,	O
pancreatic,	O
kidney/renal,	O
urinary	O
bladder,	O
cervical,	O
and	O
acute	O
myeloid	O
leukemia.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	O
were	O
defined	O
as	O
lung/bronchial,	O
pharyngeal,	O
laryngeal,	O
esophageal,	O
stomach,	O
pancreatic,	O
kidney/renal,	O
urinary	O
bladder,	O
cervical,	O
and	O
acute	B-disease
myeloid	I-disease
leukemia	I-disease
.	O

smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
was	O
higher	O
among	O
respondents	O
without	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
(4	O
%)	O
compared	O
with	O
trcs	O
(3	O
%)	O
and	O
other	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors	O
(3	O
%).	O

smokeless	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
was	O
higher	O
among	O
respondents	O
without	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
(4	O
%)	O
compared	O
with	O
trcs	O
(3	O
%)	O
and	O
other	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors	O
(3	O
%).	O

targeted	O
smoking	O
prevention	O
and	O
cessation	O
interventions	O
are	O
needed	O
for	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors,	O
especially	O
those	O
diagnosed	O
with	O
a	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

targeted	O
smoking	O
prevention	O
and	O
cessation	O
interventions	O
are	O
needed	O
for	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors,	O
especially	O
those	O
diagnosed	O
with	O
a	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
.	O

we	O
provide	O
the	O
first	O
population-based	O
report	O
on	O
demographic	O
characteristics	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
behaviors	O
among	O
self-reported	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors.	O

we	O
provide	O
the	O
first	O
population-based	O
report	O
on	O
demographic	O
characteristics	O
and	O
tobacco	B-plant
use	O
behaviors	O
among	O
self-reported	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
survivors.	O

epidemiological	O
studies	O
suggest	O
that	O
cocoa	B-plant
rich	O
products	O
reduce	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

objectives:	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
flavanol-rich	O
chocolate	O
or	O
cocoa	B-plant
products	O
on	O
blood	O
pressure	O
in	O
people	O
with	O
or	O
without	O
hypertension	B-disease
.	O

adverse	O
effects	O
including	O
gastrointestinal	B-disease
complaints	I-disease
and	O
distaste	O
of	O
the	O
trial	O
product	O
were	O
reported	O
by	O
5%	O
of	O
patients	O
in	O
the	O
active	O
cocoa	B-plant
intervention	O
group	O
and	O
1%	O
of	O
patients	O
in	O
the	O
control	O
groups.	O

furthermore,	O
long-term	O
trials	O
investigating	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
cocoa	B-plant
on	O
clinical	O
outcomes	O
are	O
also	O
needed	O
to	O
assess	O
whether	O
cocoa	B-plant
has	O
an	O
effect	O
on	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
events	I-disease
and	O
to	O
assess	O
potential	O
adverse	O
effects	O
associated	O
with	O
chronic	O
ingestion	O
of	O
cocoa	B-plant
products.	O

furthermore,	O
long-term	O
trials	O
investigating	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
cocoa	B-plant
on	O
clinical	O
outcomes	O
are	O
also	O
needed	O
to	O
assess	O
whether	O
cocoa	B-plant
has	O
an	O
effect	O
on	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
events	I-disease
and	O
to	O
assess	O
potential	O
adverse	O
effects	O
associated	O
with	O
chronic	O
ingestion	O
of	O
cocoa	B-plant
products.	O

furthermore,	O
long-term	O
trials	O
investigating	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
cocoa	B-plant
on	O
clinical	O
outcomes	O
are	O
also	O
needed	O
to	O
assess	O
whether	O
cocoa	B-plant
has	O
an	O
effect	O
on	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
events	I-disease
and	O
to	O
assess	O
potential	O
adverse	O
effects	O
associated	O
with	O
chronic	O
ingestion	O
of	O
cocoa	B-plant
products.	O
.	O

aloe	B-plant
-emodin,	O
an	O
anthraquinone,	O
in	O
vitro	O
inhibits	O
proliferation	O
and	O
induces	O
apoptosis	O
in	O
human	O
colon	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
cells.	O

the	O
present	O
study	O
aimed	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
anticancer	O
effect	O
of	O
aloe	B-plant
-emodin,	O
an	O
anthraquinone	O
compound	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
leaves	O
of	O
aloe	O
vera,	O
on	O
two	O
human	O
colon	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
cell	O
lines,	O
dld-1	O
and	O
widr.	O

the	O
present	O
study	O
aimed	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
anticancer	O
effect	O
of	O
aloe-emodin,	O
an	O
anthraquinone	O
compound	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
leaves	O
of	O
aloe	B-plant
vera	I-plant
,	O
on	O
two	O
human	O
colon	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
cell	O
lines,	O
dld-1	O
and	O
widr.	O
.	O

colon	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
cells	O
were	O
treated	O
with	O
various	O
concentrations	O
of	O
aloe	B-plant
-emodin	O
for	O
different	O
durations.	O

in	O
addition,	O
exposure	O
of	O
colon	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
cells	O
to	O
aloe	B-plant
-emodin	O
suppressed	O
the	O
casein	O
kinase	O
ii	O
activity	O
in	O
a	O
time-dependent	O
manner	O
and	O
was	O
accompanied	O
by	O
a	O
reduced	O
phosphorylation	O
of	O
bid,	O
a	O
downstream	O
substrate	O
of	O
casein	O
kinase	O
ii	O
and	O
a	O
pro-apoptotic	O
molecule.	O

these	O
findings	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
inhibition	O
of	O
casein	O
kinase	O
ii	O
activity,	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
apoptosis-inducing	O
factor	O
and	O
cytochrome	O
c,	O
and	O
the	O
caspase-3	O
activation	O
are	O
involved	O
in	O
aloe	B-plant
-emodin-mediated	O
apoptosis	O
in	O
colon	B-disease
carcinoma	I-disease
cells.	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
we	O
use	O
a	O
genomic	O
approach	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
signaling	O
processes	O
associated	O
with	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
exposure	O
and	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

furthermore,	O
our	O
findings	O
suggest	O
that	O
the	O
airway	O
gene	O
expression	O
signatures	O
derived	O
in	O
this	O
study	O
can	O
provide	O
novel	O
insights	O
into	O
signaling	O
pathways	O
altered	O
in	O
the	O

field	O
of	O
injury	O
induced	O
by	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
and	O
thus	O
may	O
impact	O
strategies	O
for	O
prevention	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

furthermore,	O
our	O
findings	O
suggest	O
that	O
the	O
airway	O
gene	O
expression	O
signatures	O
derived	O
in	O
this	O
study	O
can	O
provide	O
novel	O
insights	O
into	O
signaling	O
pathways	O
altered	O
in	O
the	O

field	O
of	O
injury	O
induced	O
by	O
tobacco	B-plant
smoke	O
and	O
thus	O
may	O
impact	O
strategies	O
for	O
prevention	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
lung	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

effects	O
of	O
korean	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
extracts	O
on	O
neural	B-disease
tube	I-disease
defects	I-disease
and	O
impairment	O
of	O
social	O
interaction	O
induced	O
by	O
prenatal	O
exposure	O
to	O
valproic	O
acid.	O

effects	O
of	O
korean	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
extracts	O
on	O
neural	O
tube	O
defects	O
and	O
impairment	B-disease
of	I-disease
social	I-disease
interaction	I-disease
induced	O
by	O
prenatal	O
exposure	O
to	O
valproic	O
acid.	O

using	O
the	O
prenatal	O
valproic	O
acid	O
(vpa)-injection	O
model	O
of	O
autism	O
spectrum	O
disorder	O
(	O
asd	B-disease
)	O
in	O
rats,	O
which	O
produces	O
social	O
impairrment	O
and	O
altered	O
seizure	O
susceptibility	O
as	O
in	O
human	O
asd	B-disease
patients	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
mild	O
neural	O
tube	O
defects	O
like	O
crooked	O
tail	O
phenotype,	O
we	O
examined	O
whether	O
chronic	O
administration	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
may	O
rescue	O
the	O
social	O
impairment	O
and	O
crooked	O
tail	O
phenotype	O
in	O
prenatally	O
vpa-exposed	O
rat	O
offspring.	O

using	O
the	O
prenatal	O
valproic	O
acid	O
(vpa)-injection	O
model	O
of	O
autism	O
spectrum	O
disorder	O
(asd)	O
in	O
rats,	O
which	O
produces	O
social	O
impairrment	O
and	O
altered	O
seizure	O
susceptibility	O
as	O
in	O
human	O
asd	O
patients	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
mild	O
neural	B-disease
tube	I-disease
defects	I-disease
like	O
crooked	O
tail	O
phenotype,	O
we	O
examined	O
whether	O
chronic	O
administration	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
may	O
rescue	O
the	O
social	O
impairment	O
and	O
crooked	O
tail	O
phenotype	O
in	O
prenatally	O
vpa-exposed	O
rat	O
offspring.	O

using	O
the	O
prenatal	O
valproic	O
acid	O
(vpa)-injection	O
model	O
of	O
autism	B-disease
spectrum	I-disease
disorder	I-disease
(asd)	O
in	O
rats,	O
which	O
produces	O
social	O
impairrment	O
and	O
altered	O
seizure	O
susceptibility	O
as	O
in	O
human	O
asd	O
patients	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
mild	O
neural	O
tube	O
defects	O
like	O
crooked	O
tail	O
phenotype,	O
we	O
examined	O
whether	O
chronic	O
administration	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
may	O
rescue	O
the	O
social	O
impairment	O
and	O
crooked	O
tail	O
phenotype	O
in	O
prenatally	O
vpa-exposed	O
rat	O
offspring.	O

using	O
the	O
prenatal	O
valproic	O
acid	O
(vpa)-injection	O
model	O
of	O
autism	O
spectrum	O
disorder	O
(asd)	O
in	O
rats,	O
which	O
produces	O
social	O
impairrment	O
and	O
altered	O
seizure	O
susceptibility	O
as	O
in	O
human	O
asd	O
patients	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
mild	O
neural	O
tube	O
defects	O
like	O
crooked	B-disease
tail	I-disease
phenotype	I-disease
,	O
we	O
examined	O
whether	O
chronic	O
administration	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
may	O
rescue	O
the	O
social	O
impairment	O
and	O
crooked	B-disease
tail	I-disease
phenotype	I-disease
in	O
prenatally	O
vpa-exposed	O
rat	O
offspring.	O

using	O
the	O
prenatal	O
valproic	O
acid	O
(vpa)-injection	O
model	O
of	O
autism	O
spectrum	O
disorder	O
(asd)	O
in	O
rats,	O
which	O
produces	O
social	O
impairrment	O
and	O
altered	O
seizure	O
susceptibility	O
as	O
in	O
human	O
asd	O
patients	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
mild	O
neural	O
tube	O
defects	O
like	O
crooked	B-disease
tail	I-disease
phenotype	I-disease
,	O
we	O
examined	O
whether	O
chronic	O
administration	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
may	O
rescue	O
the	O
social	O
impairment	O
and	O
crooked	B-disease
tail	I-disease
phenotype	I-disease
in	O
prenatally	O
vpa-exposed	O
rat	O
offspring.	O

using	O
the	O
prenatal	O
valproic	O
acid	O
(vpa)-injection	O
model	O
of	O
autism	O
spectrum	O
disorder	O
(	O
asd	B-disease
)	O
in	O
rats,	O
which	O
produces	O
social	O
impairrment	O
and	O
altered	O
seizure	O
susceptibility	O
as	O
in	O
human	O
asd	B-disease
patients	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
mild	O
neural	O
tube	O
defects	O
like	O
crooked	O
tail	O
phenotype,	O
we	O
examined	O
whether	O
chronic	O
administration	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
may	O
rescue	O
the	O
social	O
impairment	O
and	O
crooked	O
tail	O
phenotype	O
in	O
prenatally	O
vpa-exposed	O
rat	O
offspring.	O

using	O
the	O
prenatal	O
valproic	O
acid	O
(vpa)-injection	O
model	O
of	O
autism	O
spectrum	O
disorder	O
(asd)	O
in	O
rats,	O
which	O
produces	O
social	O
impairrment	O
and	O
altered	O
seizure	B-disease
susceptibility	O
as	O
in	O
human	O
asd	O
patients	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
mild	O
neural	O
tube	O
defects	O
like	O
crooked	O
tail	O
phenotype,	O
we	O
examined	O
whether	O
chronic	O
administration	O
of	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
extract	O
may	O
rescue	O
the	O
social	O
impairment	O
and	O
crooked	O
tail	O
phenotype	O
in	O
prenatally	O
vpa-exposed	O
rat	O
offspring.	O

vpa-induced	O
impairment	O
in	O
social	O
interactions	O
tested	O
using	O
sociability	O
and	O
social	O
preference	O
paradigms	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
crooked	B-disease
tail	I-disease
phenotypes	I-disease
were	O
significantly	O
improved	O
by	O
administration	O
of	O
korean	O
red	O
ginseng	B-plant
(krg)	O
in	O
a	O
dose	O
dependent	O
manner.	O

vpa-induced	O
impairment	O
in	O
social	O
interactions	O
tested	O
using	O
sociability	O
and	O
social	O
preference	O
paradigms	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
crooked	B-disease
tail	I-disease
phenotypes	I-disease
were	O
significantly	O
improved	O
by	O
administration	O
of	O
korean	O
red	O
ginseng	O
(	O
krg	B-plant
)	O
in	O
a	O
dose	O
dependent	O
manner.	O
.	O

krg	B-plant
treatment	O
reversed	O
abnormal	B-disease
locomotor	I-disease
activity	I-disease
and	O
sensitivity	O
to	O
electric	O
shock	O
to	O
control	O
level.	O

in	O
vivo	O
prophylactic	O
effects	O
of	O
oleanolic	O
acid	O
isolated	O
from	O
chloroform	O
extract	O
of	O
flaveria	B-plant
trinervia	I-plant
against	O
ethanol	O
induced	O
liver	B-disease
toxicity	I-disease
in	O
rats.	O

the	O
prophylactic	O
effects	O
of	O
oleanolic	O
acid	O
(oa)	O
isolated	O
from	O
chloroform	O
extract	O
(ce)	O
of	O
flaveria	B-plant
trinervia	I-plant
against	O
ethanol	O
induced	O
liver	B-disease
toxicity	I-disease
was	O
investigated	O
using	O
rats.	O

interpretation:	O
our	O
data	O
confirmed	O
the	O
north	O
west	O
to	O
south	O
east	O
europe	O
gradient	O
of	O
increasing	O
incidence	O
and	O
mortality	O
rates	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
increasing	O
mortality	O
rates	O
of	O
screen-detectable	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

interpretation:	O
our	O
data	O
confirmed	O
the	O
north	O
west	O
to	O
south	O
east	O
europe	O
gradient	O
of	O
increasing	O
incidence	O
and	O
mortality	O
rates	O
of	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancers	B-disease
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
increasing	O
mortality	O
rates	O
of	O
screen-detectable	O
cancers	B-disease
.	O

inhibitory	O
effects	O
of	O
onion	B-plant
(allium	O
cepa	O
l.)	O
extract	O
on	O
proliferation	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
cells	O
and	O
adipocytes	O
via	O
inhibiting	O
fatty	O
acid	O
synthase.	O

inhibitory	O
effects	O
of	O
onion	O
(	O
allium	B-plant
cepa	I-plant
l.	I-plant
)	O
extract	O
on	O
proliferation	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
cells	O
and	O
adipocytes	O
via	O
inhibiting	O
fatty	O
acid	O
synthase.	O

our	O
studies	O
showed	O
that	O
ethyl	O
acetate	O
extract	O
of	O
onion	B-plant
(eeo)	O
had	O
potent	O
inhibitory	O
effects	O
on	O
animal	O
fatty	O
acid	O
synthase	O
(fas),	O
and	O
could	O
induce	O
apoptosis	O
in	O
fas	O
over-expressing	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
mda-mb-231	O
cells.	O

our	O
studies	O
showed	O
that	O
ethyl	O
acetate	O
extract	O
of	O
onion	O
(	O
eeo	B-plant
)	O
had	O
potent	O
inhibitory	O
effects	O
on	O
animal	O
fatty	O
acid	O
synthase	O
(fas),	O
and	O
could	O
induce	O
apoptosis	O
in	O
fas	O
over-expressing	O
human	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
mda-mb-231	O
cells.	O

since	O
obesity	B-disease
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
breast	O
cancer	O
and	O
obese	O
patients	O
are	O
at	O
elevated	O
risk	O
of	O
developing	O
various	O
cancers,	O
these	O
findings	O
suggested	O
that	O
onion	B-plant
might	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
preventing	O
obesity	B-disease
-related	O
malignancy.	O

since	O
obesity	O
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
breast	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
obese	O
patients	O
are	O
at	O
elevated	O
risk	O
of	O
developing	O
various	O
cancers,	O
these	O
findings	O
suggested	O
that	O
onion	B-plant
might	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
preventing	O
obesity-related	O
malignancy.	O

since	O
obesity	O
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
breast	O
cancer	O
and	O
obese	B-disease
patients	O
are	O
at	O
elevated	O
risk	O
of	O
developing	O
various	O
cancers,	O
these	O
findings	O
suggested	O
that	O
onion	B-plant
might	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
preventing	O
obesity-related	O
malignancy.	O

since	O
obesity	O
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
breast	O
cancer	O
and	O
obese	O
patients	O
are	O
at	O
elevated	O
risk	O
of	O
developing	O
various	O
cancers	B-disease
,	O
these	O
findings	O
suggested	O
that	O
onion	B-plant
might	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
preventing	O
obesity-related	O
malignancy.	O

since	O
obesity	B-disease
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
breast	O
cancer	O
and	O
obese	O
patients	O
are	O
at	O
elevated	O
risk	O
of	O
developing	O
various	O
cancers,	O
these	O
findings	O
suggested	O
that	O
onion	B-plant
might	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
preventing	O
obesity	B-disease
-related	O
malignancy.	O

since	O
obesity	O
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
breast	O
cancer	O
and	O
obese	O
patients	O
are	O
at	O
elevated	O
risk	O
of	O
developing	O
various	O
cancers,	O
these	O
findings	O
suggested	O
that	O
onion	B-plant
might	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
preventing	O
obesity-related	O
malignancy	B-disease
.	O

20-o--d-glucopyranosyl-20(s)-protopanaxadiol,	O
a	O
metabolite	O
of	O
ginseng	B-plant
,	O
inhibits	O
colon	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
growth	O
by	O
targeting	O
trpc	O
channel-mediated	O
calcium	O
influx.	O

here,	O
we	O
show	O
that	O
20-o-b-d-glucopyranosyl-20(s)-protopanaxadiol	O
(20-gppd),	O
a	O
metabolite	O
of	O
ginseng	B-plant
saponin,	O
causes	O
apoptosis	O
of	O
colon	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
cells	O
through	O
the	O
induction	O
of	O
cytoplasmic	O
ca(2+).	O

inonotus	O
obliquus	O
is	O
a	O
medicinal	O
mushroom	B-plant
used	O
in	O
russian	O
and	O
eastern	O
european	O
folk	O
medicine	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
gastrointestinal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
and	O
diabetes.	O

inonotus	O
obliquus	O
is	O
a	O
medicinal	O
mushroom	B-plant
used	O
in	O
russian	O
and	O
eastern	O
european	O
folk	O
medicine	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
gastrointestinal	O
cancer,	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
diabetes.	O

inonotus	O
obliquus	O
is	O
a	O
medicinal	O
mushroom	B-plant
used	O
in	O
russian	O
and	O
eastern	O
european	O
folk	O
medicine	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
gastrointestinal	O
cancer,	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
and	O
diabetes	B-disease
.	O
.	O

inonotus	B-plant
obliquus	I-plant
is	O
a	O
medicinal	O
mushroom	O
used	O
in	O
russian	O
and	O
eastern	O
european	O
folk	O
medicine	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
gastrointestinal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
,	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
and	O
diabetes.	O
.	O

inonotus	B-plant
obliquus	I-plant
is	O
a	O
medicinal	O
mushroom	O
used	O
in	O
russian	O
and	O
eastern	O
european	O
folk	O
medicine	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
gastrointestinal	O
cancer,	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
diabetes.	O
.	O

inonotus	B-plant
obliquus	I-plant
is	O
a	O
medicinal	O
mushroom	O
used	O
in	O
russian	O
and	O
eastern	O
european	O
folk	O
medicine	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
gastrointestinal	O
cancer,	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
and	O
diabetes	B-disease
.	O

previous	O
studies	O
in	O
our	O
laboratory	O
have	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
the	O
mycelium	O
powders	O
of	O
i.	B-plant
obliquus	I-plant
possess	O
significant	O
antihyperglycemic	O
effects	O
in	O
a	O
mouse	O
model	O
of	O
diabetic	B-disease
disease	I-disease
induced	O
by	O
alloxan.	O

this	O
study	O
aims	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
active	O
ingredients	O
of	O
i.	B-plant
obliquus	I-plant
mycelium	O
powders	O
by	O
a	O
bioassay-guided	O
fractionation	O
approach	O
and	O
explore	O
the	O
mechanism	O
of	O
action	O
of	O
these	O
active	O
ingredients	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
well-established	O
dpp-4	O
(an	O
important	O
enzyme	O
as	O
a	O
new	O
therapeutic	O
target	O
for	O
diabetes	B-disease
)	O
inhibitory	O
assay	O
model.	O
.	O

gardenia	B-plant
jasminoides	I-plant
attenuates	O
hepatocellular	B-disease
injury	I-disease
and	O
fibrosis	O
in	O
bile	O
duct-ligated	O
rats	O
and	O
human	O
hepatic	O
stellate	O
cells.	O
.	O

gardenia	B-plant
jasminoides	I-plant
attenuates	O
hepatocellular	O
injury	O
and	O
fibrosis	B-disease
in	O
bile	O
duct-ligated	O
rats	O
and	O
human	O
hepatic	O
stellate	O
cells.	O

aim:	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
anti-hepatofibrotic	O
effects	O
of	O
gardenia	B-plant
jasminoides	I-plant
in	O
liver	B-disease
fibrosis	I-disease
.	O

the	O
effects	O
of	O
gardenia	B-plant
jasminoides	I-plant
on	O
liver	B-disease
fibrosis	I-disease
and	O
the	O
detailed	O
molecular	O
mechanisms	O
were	O
also	O
assessed	O
in	O
human	O
hepatic	O
stellate	O
cells	O
(lx-2)	O
in	O
vitro.	O

conclusion:	O
gardenia	B-plant
jasminoides	I-plant
exerts	O
antifibrotic	O
effects	O
in	O
the	O
liver	B-disease
fibrosis	I-disease
and	O
may	O
represent	O
a	O
novel	O
antifibrotic	O
agent.	O

secnidazole	O
was	O
89.5%	O
effective	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
equine	O
balantidiasis	B-disease
compared	O
to	O
40.0%	O
for	O
nigella	B-plant
sativa	I-plant
.	O
.	O

tea	B-plant
and	O
coffee	O
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
:	O
results	O
of	O
a	O
large	O
population-based	O
case-control	O
study,	O
the	O
icare	O
study.	O

tea	O
and	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
and	O
risk	O
of	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
:	O
results	O
of	O
a	O
large	O
population-based	O
case-control	O
study,	O
the	O
icare	O
study.	O

background:	O
results	O
on	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
tea	O
drinking	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
are	O
contrasted.	O

background:	O
results	O
on	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
coffee	O
and	O
tea	B-plant
drinking	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
are	O
contrasted.	O

the	O
aim	O
of	O
this	O
study	O
was	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
relation	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
and	O
tea	O
drinking	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
france,	O
a	O
high	O
incidence	O
area.	O

the	O
aim	O
of	O
this	O
study	O
was	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
relation	O
between	O
coffee	O
and	O
tea	B-plant
drinking	O
and	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
france,	O
a	O
high	O
incidence	O
area.	O

results:	O
we	O
observed	O
inverse	O
associations	O
between	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
tea	O
or	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
(odds	O
ratio,	O
0.39;	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.21-0.70,	O
for	O
the	O
highest	O
quartile	O
of	O
tea	O
consumption,	O
and	O
0.60,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.34-1.05,	O
for	O
the	O
highest	O
quartile	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption).	O

results:	O
we	O
observed	O
inverse	O
associations	O
between	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
tea	O
or	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
(odds	O
ratio,	O
0.39;	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.21-0.70,	O
for	O
the	O
highest	O
quartile	O
of	O
tea	O
consumption,	O
and	O
0.60,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.34-1.05,	O
for	O
the	O
highest	O
quartile	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption).	O

results:	O
we	O
observed	O
inverse	O
associations	O
between	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
tea	B-plant
or	O
coffee	O
consumption	O
(odds	O
ratio,	O
0.39;	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.21-0.70,	O
for	O
the	O
highest	O
quartile	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption,	O
and	O
0.60,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.34-1.05,	O
for	O
the	O
highest	O
quartile	O
of	O
coffee	O
consumption).	O

results:	O
we	O
observed	O
inverse	O
associations	O
between	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
tea	B-plant
or	O
coffee	O
consumption	O
(odds	O
ratio,	O
0.39;	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.21-0.70,	O
for	O
the	O
highest	O
quartile	O
of	O
tea	B-plant
consumption,	O
and	O
0.60,	O
95%	O
ci	O
0.34-1.05,	O
for	O
the	O
highest	O
quartile	O
of	O
coffee	O
consumption).	O

exclusive	O
tea	O
or	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
their	O
joint	O
effect	O
was	O
multiplicative.	O

exclusive	O
tea	B-plant
or	O
coffee	O
consumption	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
reduced	O
risk	O
of	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
and	O
their	O
joint	O
effect	O
was	O
multiplicative.	O

conclusions:	O
tea	O
and	O
coffee	B-plant
drinking	O
may	O
decrease	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
through	O
antioxidant	O
components	O
which	O
play	O
a	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
repair	O
of	O
cellular	O
damages.	O

conclusions:	O
tea	B-plant
and	O
coffee	O
drinking	O
may	O
decrease	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
oral	B-disease
cavity	I-disease
cancer	I-disease
through	O
antioxidant	O
components	O
which	O
play	O
a	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
repair	O
of	O
cellular	O
damages.	O

scope:	O
the	O
molecular	O
mechanisms	O
underlying	O
the	O
potential	O
health	O
benefit	O
effects	O
of	O
soybean	B-plant
proteins	O
on	O
obesity	B-disease
-associated	O
metabolic	O
disorders	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
fully	O
clarified.	O

scope:	O
the	O
molecular	O
mechanisms	O
underlying	O
the	O
potential	O
health	O
benefit	O
effects	O
of	O
soybean	B-plant
proteins	O
on	O
obesity-associated	O
metabolic	B-disease
disorders	I-disease
have	O
not	O
been	O
fully	O
clarified.	O

these	O
effects	O
of	O
sph	O
might	O
be	O
important	O
for	O
the	O
health	O
benefit	O
effects	O
of	O
soybean	B-plant
proteins	O
on	O
obesity	B-disease
-associated	O
metabolic	O
disorders.	O

these	O
effects	O
of	O
sph	O
might	O
be	O
important	O
for	O
the	O
health	O
benefit	O
effects	O
of	O
soybean	B-plant
proteins	O
on	O
obesity-associated	O
metabolic	B-disease
disorders	I-disease
.	O

cardioprotective	O
effects	O
of	O
sour	B-plant
cherry	I-plant
seed	O
extract	O
(scse)	O
on	O
the	O
hypercholesterolemic	B-disease
rabbit	O
heart.	O

cardioprotective	O
effects	O
of	O
sour	O
cherry	O
seed	O
extract	O
(	O
scse	B-plant
)	O
on	O
the	O
hypercholesterolemic	B-disease
rabbit	O
heart.	O

hypothesis:	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
evaluates	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
sour	B-plant
cherry	I-plant
seed	O
extract	O
(scse)	O
protects	O
against	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
inflammation	O
in	O
hypercholesterolemic	O
rabbits,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
protection	O
correlates	O
with	O
scse-induced	O
activity	O
of	O
heme	O
oxygenase-	O
1	O
(ho-1),	O
a	O
cytoprotective	O
enzyme	O
contributing	O
to	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
responses.	O

hypothesis:	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
evaluates	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
sour	B-plant
cherry	I-plant
seed	O
extract	O
(scse)	O
protects	O
against	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
and	O
inflammation	B-disease
in	O
hypercholesterolemic	O
rabbits,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
protection	O
correlates	O
with	O
scse-induced	O
activity	O
of	O
heme	O
oxygenase-	O
1	O
(ho-1),	O
a	O
cytoprotective	O
enzyme	O
contributing	O
to	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
responses.	O

hypothesis:	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
evaluates	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
sour	B-plant
cherry	I-plant
seed	O
extract	O
(scse)	O
protects	O
against	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
and	O
inflammation	O
in	O
hypercholesterolemic	B-disease
rabbits,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
protection	O
correlates	O
with	O
scse-induced	O
activity	O
of	O
heme	O
oxygenase-	O
1	O
(ho-1),	O
a	O
cytoprotective	O
enzyme	O
contributing	O
to	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
responses.	O

hypothesis:	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
evaluates	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
sour	O
cherry	O
seed	O
extract	O
(	O
scse	B-plant
)	O
protects	O
against	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
inflammation	O
in	O
hypercholesterolemic	O
rabbits,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
protection	O
correlates	O
with	O
scse	B-plant
-induced	O
activity	O
of	O
heme	O
oxygenase-	O
1	O
(ho-1),	O
a	O
cytoprotective	O
enzyme	O
contributing	O
to	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
responses.	O

hypothesis:	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
evaluates	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
sour	O
cherry	O
seed	O
extract	O
(	O
scse	B-plant
)	O
protects	O
against	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
and	O
inflammation	B-disease
in	O
hypercholesterolemic	O
rabbits,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
protection	O
correlates	O
with	O
scse	B-plant
-induced	O
activity	O
of	O
heme	O
oxygenase-	O
1	O
(ho-1),	O
a	O
cytoprotective	O
enzyme	O
contributing	O
to	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
responses.	O

hypothesis:	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
evaluates	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
sour	O
cherry	O
seed	O
extract	O
(	O
scse	B-plant
)	O
protects	O
against	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
and	O
inflammation	O
in	O
hypercholesterolemic	B-disease
rabbits,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
protection	O
correlates	O
with	O
scse	B-plant
-induced	O
activity	O
of	O
heme	O
oxygenase-	O
1	O
(ho-1),	O
a	O
cytoprotective	O
enzyme	O
contributing	O
to	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
responses.	O

hypothesis:	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
evaluates	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
sour	O
cherry	O
seed	O
extract	O
(	O
scse	B-plant
)	O
protects	O
against	O
cardiovascular	B-disease
disease	I-disease
and	O
inflammation	O
in	O
hypercholesterolemic	O
rabbits,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
protection	O
correlates	O
with	O
scse	B-plant
-induced	O
activity	O
of	O
heme	O
oxygenase-	O
1	O
(ho-1),	O
a	O
cytoprotective	O
enzyme	O
contributing	O
to	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
responses.	O

hypothesis:	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
evaluates	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
sour	O
cherry	O
seed	O
extract	O
(	O
scse	B-plant
)	O
protects	O
against	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
and	O
inflammation	B-disease
in	O
hypercholesterolemic	O
rabbits,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
protection	O
correlates	O
with	O
scse	B-plant
-induced	O
activity	O
of	O
heme	O
oxygenase-	O
1	O
(ho-1),	O
a	O
cytoprotective	O
enzyme	O
contributing	O
to	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
responses.	O

hypothesis:	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
evaluates	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
sour	O
cherry	O
seed	O
extract	O
(	O
scse	B-plant
)	O
protects	O
against	O
cardiovascular	O
disease	O
and	O
inflammation	O
in	O
hypercholesterolemic	B-disease
rabbits,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
protection	O
correlates	O
with	O
scse	B-plant
-induced	O
activity	O
of	O
heme	O
oxygenase-	O
1	O
(ho-1),	O
a	O
cytoprotective	O
enzyme	O
contributing	O
to	O
oxidative	O
stress	O
responses.	O

results:	O
relative	O
to	O
cholesterol-treated	O
animals	O
not	O
receiving	O
scse	B-plant
,	O
scse	B-plant
-treated	O
animals	O
exhibited	O
significantly	O
improved	O
cardiac	O
function	O
and	O
improved	O
peak	O
early	O
diastolic	O
velocity	O
to	O
peak	O
atrial	O
velocity	O
ratio	O
(e\'/a\'),	O
along	O
with	O
decreased	O
atherosclerotic	O
plaque	O
formation	O
and	O
infarct	B-disease
size.	O

results:	O
relative	O
to	O
cholesterol-treated	O
animals	O
not	O
receiving	O
scse	B-plant
,	O
scse	B-plant
-treated	O
animals	O
exhibited	O
significantly	O
improved	O
cardiac	O
function	O
and	O
improved	O
peak	O
early	O
diastolic	O
velocity	O
to	O
peak	O
atrial	O
velocity	O
ratio	O
(e\'/a\'),	O
along	O
with	O
decreased	O
atherosclerotic	B-disease
plaque	I-disease
formation	O
and	O
infarct	O
size.	O

results:	O
relative	O
to	O
cholesterol-treated	O
animals	O
not	O
receiving	O
scse	B-plant
,	O
scse	B-plant
-treated	O
animals	O
exhibited	O
significantly	O
improved	O
cardiac	O
function	O
and	O
improved	O
peak	O
early	O
diastolic	O
velocity	O
to	O
peak	O
atrial	O
velocity	O
ratio	O
(e\'/a\'),	O
along	O
with	O
decreased	O
atherosclerotic	O
plaque	O
formation	O
and	O
infarct	B-disease
size.	O

results:	O
relative	O
to	O
cholesterol-treated	O
animals	O
not	O
receiving	O
scse	B-plant
,	O
scse	B-plant
-treated	O
animals	O
exhibited	O
significantly	O
improved	O
cardiac	O
function	O
and	O
improved	O
peak	O
early	O
diastolic	O
velocity	O
to	O
peak	O
atrial	O
velocity	O
ratio	O
(e\'/a\'),	O
along	O
with	O
decreased	O
atherosclerotic	B-disease
plaque	I-disease
formation	O
and	O
infarct	O
size.	O

conclusions:	O
this	O
study	O
demonstrates	O
scse	B-plant
cardioprotective	O
effects	O
on	O
hypercholesterolemic	B-disease
hearts	I-disease
.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
delays	O
the	O
hepatitis	B-disease
and	O
suppresses	O
the	O
inflammation	O
related	O
gene	O
expression	O
in	O
the	O
long-evans	O
cinnamon	O
rat.	O
.	O

coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
delays	O
the	O
hepatitis	O
and	O
suppresses	O
the	O
inflammation	B-disease
related	O
gene	O
expression	O
in	O
the	O
long-evans	O
cinnamon	O
rat.	O

background	O
and	O
aims:	O
large-scale	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
drinking	O
more	O
than	O
two	O
cups	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
per	O
day	O
reduces	O
the	O
risks	O
of	O
hepatitis	B-disease
and	O
liver	O
cancer.	O

background	O
and	O
aims:	O
large-scale	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
drinking	O
more	O
than	O
two	O
cups	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
per	O
day	O
reduces	O
the	O
risks	O
of	O
hepatitis	O
and	O
liver	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
.	O

however,	O
the	O
heterogeneity	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
genome	O
requires	O
studies	O
of	O
experimental	O
animal	O
models	O
with	O
defined	O
genetic	O
backgrounds	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
coffee	B-plant
effects	O
on	O
liver	B-disease
diseases	I-disease
.	O

results:	O
coffee	B-plant
administration	O
for	O
25	O
weeks	O
delayed	O
the	O
occurrence	O
of	O
hepatitis	B-disease
by	O
two	O
weeks,	O
significantly	O
improved	O
survival,	O
reduced	O
the	O
expression	O
of	O
inflammatory	O
cytokines,	O
and	O
reduced	O
the	O
incidence	O
of	O
small	O
pre-neoplastic	O
liver	O
foci	O
in	O
lec	O
rats.	O

these	O
findings	O
indicate	O
that	O
drinking	O
coffee	B-plant
potentially	O
prevents	O
hepatitis	B-disease
and	O
liver	O
carcinogenesis	O
through	O
its	O
anti-inflammatory	O
effects.	O

these	O
findings	O
indicate	O
that	O
drinking	O
coffee	B-plant
potentially	O
prevents	O
hepatitis	O
and	O
liver	B-disease
carcinogenesis	I-disease
through	O
its	O
anti-inflammatory	O
effects.	O

conclusion:	O
this	O
study	O
showed	O
the	O
efficacy	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
in	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
hepatitis	B-disease
and	O
liver	O
carcinogenesis	O
in	O
the	O
lec	O
model.	O

conclusion:	O
this	O
study	O
showed	O
the	O
efficacy	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
in	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
hepatitis	O
and	O
liver	B-disease
carcinogenesis	I-disease
in	O
the	O
lec	O
model.	O
.	O

tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality:	O
projections	O
for	O
different	O
geographical	O
regions	O
in	O
switzerland.	O

this	O
study	O
aimed	O
to	O
project	O
gender-specific	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
in	O
switzerland	O
at	O
different	O
geographical	O
levels	O
for	O
the	O
periods	O
2009-2013	O
and	O
2014-2018.	O

methods:	O
in	O
this	O
analysis,	O
data	O
on	O
swiss	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
from	O
1984	O
until	O
2008	O
were	O
used.	O

bayesian	O
age-period-cohort	O
models	O
were	O
formulated	O
to	O
assess	O
past	O
trends	O
of	O
gender-specific	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
and	O
to	O
project	O
them	O
up	O
to	O
2018	O
at	O
cantonal	O
and	O
language	O
region	O
levels.	O

results:	O
model-based	O
estimates	O
at	O
cantonal	O
level	O
identified	O
regions	O
with	O
low	O
and	O
high	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
rates	O
for	O
the	O
observed	O
and	O
projected	O
periods.	O

the	O
gap	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
rates	O
between	O
younger	O
and	O
older	O
males	O
seems	O
to	O
be	O
shrinking.	O

conclusion:	O
our	O
findings	O
indicate	O
region-,	O
sex-	O
and	O
age-related	O
differences	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
in	O
switzerland	O
and	O
this	O
could	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
healthcare	O
planning	O
and	O
for	O
evaluating	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
canton-specific	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
policies	O
and	O
interventions.	O

conclusion:	O
our	O
findings	O
indicate	O
region-,	O
sex-	O
and	O
age-related	O
differences	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
cancer	B-disease
mortality	O
in	O
switzerland	O
and	O
this	O
could	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
healthcare	O
planning	O
and	O
for	O
evaluating	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
canton-specific	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
policies	O
and	O
interventions.	O

gliadin	O
from	O
wheat	B-plant
is	O
a	O
common	O
food	O
allergen	O
that	O
can	O
induce	O
baker\'s	O
asthma,	O
wheat	B-plant
-dependent	O
exercise-induced	O
anaphylaxis	B-disease
,	O
atopic	O
dermatitis,	O
and	O
celiac	O
disease.	O

gliadin	O
from	O
wheat	B-plant
is	O
a	O
common	O
food	O
allergen	O
that	O
can	O
induce	O
baker\'s	O
asthma,	O
wheat	B-plant
-dependent	O
exercise-induced	O
anaphylaxis,	O
atopic	B-disease
dermatitis	I-disease
,	O
and	O
celiac	O
disease.	O

gliadin	O
from	O
wheat	B-plant
is	O
a	O
common	O
food	O
allergen	O
that	O
can	O
induce	O
baker\'s	O
asthma,	O
wheat	B-plant
-dependent	O
exercise-induced	O
anaphylaxis,	O
atopic	O
dermatitis,	O
and	O
celiac	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

gliadin	O
from	O
wheat	B-plant
is	O
a	O
common	O
food	O
allergen	O
that	O
can	O
induce	O
baker\'s	O
asthma	B-disease
,	O
wheat	B-plant
-dependent	O
exercise-induced	O
anaphylaxis,	O
atopic	O
dermatitis,	O
and	O
celiac	O
disease.	O

gliadin	O
from	O
wheat	B-plant
is	O
a	O
common	O
food	O
allergen	O
that	O
can	O
induce	O
baker\'s	O
asthma,	O
wheat	B-plant
-dependent	O
exercise-induced	O
anaphylaxis	B-disease
,	O
atopic	O
dermatitis,	O
and	O
celiac	O
disease.	O

gliadin	O
from	O
wheat	B-plant
is	O
a	O
common	O
food	O
allergen	O
that	O
can	O
induce	O
baker\'s	O
asthma,	O
wheat	B-plant
-dependent	O
exercise-induced	O
anaphylaxis,	O
atopic	B-disease
dermatitis	I-disease
,	O
and	O
celiac	O
disease.	O

gliadin	O
from	O
wheat	B-plant
is	O
a	O
common	O
food	O
allergen	O
that	O
can	O
induce	O
baker\'s	O
asthma,	O
wheat	B-plant
-dependent	O
exercise-induced	O
anaphylaxis,	O
atopic	O
dermatitis,	O
and	O
celiac	B-disease
disease	I-disease
.	O

gliadin	O
from	O
wheat	B-plant
is	O
a	O
common	O
food	O
allergen	O
that	O
can	O
induce	O
baker\'s	O
asthma	B-disease
,	O
wheat	B-plant
-dependent	O
exercise-induced	O
anaphylaxis,	O
atopic	O
dermatitis,	O
and	O
celiac	O
disease.	O

the	O
increased	O
risk	O
is	O
mainly	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
observed	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
tumours	B-disease
among	O
women	O
and	O
in	O
colorectal	O
and	O
liver	O
cancers	O
among	O
men.	O

the	O
increased	O
risk	O
is	O
mainly	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
observed	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
tumours	O
among	O
women	O
and	O
in	O
colorectal	B-disease
and	I-disease
liver	I-disease
cancers	I-disease
among	O
men.	O

the	O
increased	O
risk	O
is	O
mainly	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
observed	O
in	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
tumours	O
among	O
women	O
and	O
in	O
colorectal	O
and	O
liver	B-disease
cancers	I-disease
among	O
men.	O

conclusion:	O
the	O
expected	O
increase	O
of	O
cancer	B-disease
incidence,	O
mainly	O
due	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
tumours	O
in	O
women	O
and	O
colorectal	O
in	O
men,	O
reinforces	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
strengthen	O
smoking	O
prevention	O
and	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
early	O
detection	O
of	O
colorectal	O
cancer	B-disease
in	O
catalonia.	O

conclusion:	O
the	O
expected	O
increase	O
of	O
cancer	O
incidence,	O
mainly	O
due	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
tumours	B-disease
in	O
women	O
and	O
colorectal	O
in	O
men,	O
reinforces	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
strengthen	O
smoking	O
prevention	O
and	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
early	O
detection	O
of	O
colorectal	O
cancer	O
in	O
catalonia.	O

conclusion:	O
the	O
expected	O
increase	O
of	O
cancer	O
incidence,	O
mainly	O
due	O
to	O
tobacco	B-plant
-related	O
tumours	O
in	O
women	O
and	O
colorectal	O
in	O
men,	O
reinforces	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
strengthen	O
smoking	O
prevention	O
and	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
early	O
detection	O
of	O
colorectal	B-disease
cancer	I-disease
in	O
catalonia.	O

many	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
indicated	O
that	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
may	O
reduce	O
the	O
risks	O
of	O
developing	O
obesity	B-disease
and	O
diabetes,	O
but	O
the	O
underlying	O
mechanisms	O
of	O
these	O
effects	O
are	O
poorly	O
understood.	O

many	O
epidemiological	O
studies	O
have	O
indicated	O
that	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
may	O
reduce	O
the	O
risks	O
of	O
developing	O
obesity	O
and	O
diabetes	B-disease
,	O
but	O
the	O
underlying	O
mechanisms	O
of	O
these	O
effects	O
are	O
poorly	O
understood.	O

this	O
mechanism	O
may	O
play	O
an	O
important	O
part	O
in	O
the	O
suppressive	O
effects	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
obesity	B-disease
,	O
inflammation,	O
and	O
hepatosteatosis.	O

this	O
mechanism	O
may	O
play	O
an	O
important	O
part	O
in	O
the	O
suppressive	O
effects	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
obesity,	O
inflammation	B-disease
,	O
and	O
hepatosteatosis.	O

this	O
mechanism	O
may	O
play	O
an	O
important	O
part	O
in	O
the	O
suppressive	O
effects	O
of	O
coffee	B-plant
consumption	O
on	O
obesity,	O
inflammation,	O
and	O
hepatosteatosis	B-disease
.	O

this	O
study	O
newly	O
revealed	O
global	O
metabolic	O
alterations	O
induced	O
by	O
coffee	B-plant
intake,	O
providing	O
significant	O
insights	O
into	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
intake	O
and	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
type	B-disease
2	I-disease
diabetes	I-disease
,	O
utilizing	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
multi-omics	O
analyses.	O

this	O
study	O
newly	O
revealed	O
global	O
metabolic	O
alterations	O
induced	O
by	O
coffee	B-plant
intake,	O
providing	O
significant	O
insights	O
into	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
coffee	B-plant
intake	O
and	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
type	B-disease
2	I-disease
diabetes	I-disease
,	O
utilizing	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
multi-omics	O
analyses.	O

effects	O
of	O
.	O

vitex	B-plant
agnus	I-plant
castus	I-plant
.	O

extract	O
and	O
magnesium	O
supplementation,	O
alone	O
and	O
in	O
combination,	O
on	O
osteogenic	O
and	O
angiogenic	O
factors	O
and	O
fracture	O
healing	O
in	O
women	O
with	O
long	O
bone	B-disease
fracture	I-disease
.	O

effects	O
of	O
.	O

vitex	B-plant
agnus	I-plant
castus	I-plant
.	O

extract	O
and	O
magnesium	O
supplementation,	O
alone	O
and	O
in	O
combination,	O
on	O
osteogenic	O
and	O
angiogenic	O
factors	O
and	O
fracture	B-disease
healing	O
in	O
women	O
with	O
long	O
bone	O
fracture	B-disease
.	O

background:	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
this	O
study	O
was	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
vitex	B-plant
agnus	I-plant
castus	I-plant
extract,	O
as	O
a	O
source	O
of	O
phytoestrogens,	O
plus	O
magnesium	O
supplementation	O
on	O
osteogenic	O
and	O
angiogenic	O
factors	O
and	O
callus	O
formation	O
in	O
women	O
with	O
long	O
bone	B-disease
fracture	I-disease
.	O

material	O
and	O
methods:	O
in	O
a	O
double-blind	O
randomized	O
placebo	O
controlled	O
trial,	O
64	O
women	O
with	O
long	O
bone	B-disease
fracture	I-disease
,	O
20-45	O
years	O
old,	O
were	O
randomly	O
allocated	O
to	O
receive	O
1)	O
one	O
agnugol	O
tablet	O
(4	O
mg	O
dried	O
fruit	O
extract	O
of	O
vitex	B-plant
agnus	I-plant
castus	I-plant
)	O
plus	O
250	O
mg	O
magnesium	O
oxide	O
(vac	O
+	O
mg	O
group	O
(n	O
=	O
10)),	O
2)	O
one	O
agnugol	O
tablet	O
plus	O
placebo	O
(vac	O
group	O
(n	O
=	O
15)),	O
3)	O
placebo	O
plus	O
250	O
mg	O
magnesium	O
oxide	O
(mg	O
group	O
(n	O
=	O
12)),	O
or	O
4)	O
placebo	O
plus	O
placebo	O
(placebo	O
group	O
(n	O
=	O
14))	O
per	O
day	O
for	O
8	O
weeks.	O

conclusion:	O
our	O
results	O
suggest	O
that	O
administration	O
of	O
vitex	B-plant
agnus	I-plant
castus	I-plant
plus	O
magnesium	O
may	O
promote	O
fracture	B-disease
healing.	O

however,	O
more	O
studies	O
need	O
to	O
further	O
explore	O
the	O
roles	O
of	O
vitex	B-plant
agnus	I-plant
castus	I-plant
in	O
fracture	B-disease
repair	O
processes.	O

additional	O
information	O
on	O
xerostomia	B-disease
,	O
oral	O
health	O
behaviors,	O
coffee	B-plant
/tea	O
intake	O
and	O
nasal	O
congestion	O
was	O
collected	O
via	O
a	O
questionnaire.	O

additional	O
information	O
on	O
xerostomia	B-disease
,	O
oral	O
health	O
behaviors,	O
coffee/	O
tea	B-plant
intake	O
and	O
nasal	O
congestion	O
was	O
collected	O
via	O
a	O
questionnaire.	O
.	O

xerostomia	B-disease
was	O
associated	O
with	O
coffee	B-plant
/tea	O
intake	O
(p	O
<	O
0.01)	O
and	O
nasal	O
congestion	O
(p	O
<	O
0.001).	O
.	O

xerostomia	B-disease
was	O
associated	O
with	O
coffee/	O
tea	B-plant
intake	O
(p	O
<	O
0.01)	O
and	O
nasal	O
congestion	O
(p	O
<	O
0.001).	O

nasal	O
congestion	O
and	O
coffee	B-plant
/tea	O
intake	O
also	O
affected	O
xerostomia	B-disease
.	O

nasal	O
congestion	O
and	O
coffee/	O
tea	B-plant
intake	O
also	O
affected	O
xerostomia	B-disease
.	O
.	O

serenoa	B-plant
repens	I-plant
induces	O
growth	O
arrest,	O
apoptosis	O
and	O
inactivation	O
of	O
stat3	O
signaling	O
in	O
human	O
glioma	B-disease
cells.	O
.	O

serenoa	B-plant
repens	I-plant
,	O
the	O
extract	O
of	O
berry	O
in	O
southeastern	O
united	O
states,	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
several	O
phytotherapeutic	O
agents	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
benign	O
prostatic	O
hyperplasia	O
(	O
bph	B-disease
).	O
.	O

serenoa	B-plant
repens	I-plant
,	O
the	O
extract	O
of	O
berry	O
in	O
southeastern	O
united	O
states,	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
several	O
phytotherapeutic	O
agents	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
benign	B-disease
prostatic	I-disease
hyperplasi	I-disease
a	O
(bph).	O

in	O
this	O
study,	O
we	O
found	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
that	O
serenoa	B-plant
repens	I-plant
effectively	O
inhibited	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
human	O
u87	O
and	O
u251	O
glioma	B-disease
cells.	O

flow	O
cytometry	O
assay	O
showed	O
that	O
serenoa	B-plant
repens	I-plant
induced	O
apoptosis	O
of	O
u87	O
and	O
u251	O
glioma	B-disease
cells	O
in	O
a	O
dose-dependent	O
manner.	O

in	O
addition,	O
we	O
found	O
that	O
serenoa	B-plant
repens	I-plant
down-regulated	O
basal	O
level	O
of	O
phosphorylated	O
form	O
of	O
signal	O
transducer	O
and	O
activator	O
of	O
transcription	O
3	O
(stat	O
3)	O
in	O
both	O
u87	O
and	O
u251	O
glioma	B-disease
cells.	O

furthermore,	O
it	O
was	O
discovered	O
that	O
a	O
janus	O
family	O
of	O
tyrosine	O
kinase	O
(jak)	O
inhibitor	O
ag490	O
inhibit	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
human	O
u87	O
and	O
u251	O
glioma	B-disease
cells	O
and	O
ag490	O
enhanced	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
serenoa	B-plant
repens	I-plant
to	O
inhibit	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
u87	O
and	O
u251	O
glioma	B-disease
cells	O
as	O
measured	O
by	O
the	O
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium	O
bromide	O
(mtt)	O
assay.	O

furthermore,	O
it	O
was	O
discovered	O
that	O
a	O
janus	O
family	O
of	O
tyrosine	O
kinase	O
(jak)	O
inhibitor	O
ag490	O
inhibit	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
human	O
u87	O
and	O
u251	O
glioma	B-disease
cells	O
and	O
ag490	O
enhanced	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
serenoa	B-plant
repens	I-plant
to	O
inhibit	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
u87	O
and	O
u251	O
glioma	B-disease
cells	O
as	O
measured	O
by	O
the	O
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium	O
bromide	O
(mtt)	O
assay.	O

these	O
results	O
indicate	O
that	O
serenoa	B-plant
repens	I-plant
reduces	O
the	O
growth,	O
causes	O
apoptosis	O
of	O
glioma	B-disease
cells	O
and	O
inhibits	O
stat	O
3	O
signaling.	O

a	O
randomized	O
controlled	O
clinical	O
trial	O
of	O
ocimum	B-plant
sanctum	I-plant
and	O
chlorhexidine	O
mouthwash	O
on	O
dental	O
plaque	O
and	O
gingival	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
.	O

a	O
randomized	O
controlled	O
clinical	O
trial	O
of	O
ocimum	B-plant
sanctum	I-plant
and	O
chlorhexidine	O
mouthwash	O
on	O
dental	B-disease
plaque	I-disease
and	O
gingival	O
inflammation.	O

objective:	O
in	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
we	O
assessed	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
ocimum	B-plant
sanctum	I-plant
on	O
dental	B-disease
plaque	I-disease
,	O
gingival	O
inflammation	O
and	O
comparison	O
with	O
gold	O
standard	O
chlorhexidine	O
and	O
normal	O
saline	O
(placebo).	O

objective:	O
in	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
we	O
assessed	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
ocimum	B-plant
sanctum	I-plant
on	O
dental	O
plaque,	O
gingival	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
and	O
comparison	O
with	O
gold	O
standard	O
chlorhexidine	O
and	O
normal	O
saline	O
(placebo).	O

results:	O
our	O
result	O
showed	O
that	O
ocimum	B-plant
sanctum	I-plant
mouthrinse	O
is	O
equally	O
effective	O
in	O
reducing	O
plaque	B-disease
and	O
gingivitis	O
as	O
chlorhexidine.	O

results:	O
our	O
result	O
showed	O
that	O
ocimum	B-plant
sanctum	I-plant
mouthrinse	O
is	O
equally	O
effective	O
in	O
reducing	O
plaque	O
and	O
gingivitis	B-disease
as	O
chlorhexidine.	O

conclusion:	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
indicate	O
that	O
ocimum	B-plant
sanctum	I-plant
mouthrinse	O
may	O
prove	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
effective	O
mouthwash	O
owing	O
to	O
its	O
ability	O
in	O
decreasing	O
periodontal	O
indices	O
by	O
reducing	O
plaque	B-disease
accumulation,	O
gingival	O
inflammation	O
and	O
bleeding.	O

conclusion:	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
indicate	O
that	O
ocimum	B-plant
sanctum	I-plant
mouthrinse	O
may	O
prove	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
effective	O
mouthwash	O
owing	O
to	O
its	O
ability	O
in	O
decreasing	O
periodontal	O
indices	O
by	O
reducing	O
plaque	O
accumulation,	O
gingival	B-disease
inflammation	I-disease
and	O
bleeding.	O

conclusion:	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
indicate	O
that	O
ocimum	B-plant
sanctum	I-plant
mouthrinse	O
may	O
prove	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
effective	O
mouthwash	O
owing	O
to	O
its	O
ability	O
in	O
decreasing	O
periodontal	O
indices	O
by	O
reducing	O
plaque	O
accumulation,	O
gingival	O
inflammation	O
and	O
bleeding	B-disease
.	O

genetic	O
predisposition	O
to	O
schizophrenia	B-disease
associated	O
with	O
increased	O
use	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
.	O

one	O
established	O
association	O
is	O
that	O
between	O
cannabis	B-plant
use	O
and	O
schizophrenia	B-disease
,	O
a	O
debilitating	O
psychiatric	O
disorder	O
affecting	O
~1%	O
of	O
the	O
population	O
over	O
their	O
lifetime.	O

one	O
established	O
association	O
is	O
that	O
between	O
cannabis	B-plant
use	O
and	O
schizophrenia,	O
a	O
debilitating	O
psychiatric	B-disease
disorder	I-disease
affecting	O
~1%	O
of	O
the	O
population	O
over	O
their	O
lifetime.	O

although	O
considerable	O
evidence	O
implicates	O
cannabis	B-plant
use	O
as	O
a	O
component	O
cause	O
of	O
schizophrenia	B-disease
,	O
it	O
remains	O
unclear	O
whether	O
this	O
is	O
entirely	O
due	O
to	O
cannabis	B-plant
directly	O
raising	O
risk	O
of	O
psychosis,	O
or	O
whether	O
the	O
same	O
genes	O
that	O
increases	O
psychosis	O
risk	O
may	O
also	O
increase	O
risk	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
use.	O

although	O
considerable	O
evidence	O
implicates	O
cannabis	B-plant
use	O
as	O
a	O
component	O
cause	O
of	O
schizophrenia,	O
it	O
remains	O
unclear	O
whether	O
this	O
is	O
entirely	O
due	O
to	O
cannabis	B-plant
directly	O
raising	O
risk	O
of	O
psychosis	B-disease
,	O
or	O
whether	O
the	O
same	O
genes	O
that	O
increases	O
psychosis	B-disease
risk	O
may	O
also	O
increase	O
risk	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
use.	O

although	O
considerable	O
evidence	O
implicates	O
cannabis	B-plant
use	O
as	O
a	O
component	O
cause	O
of	O
schizophrenia,	O
it	O
remains	O
unclear	O
whether	O
this	O
is	O
entirely	O
due	O
to	O
cannabis	B-plant
directly	O
raising	O
risk	O
of	O
psychosis	B-disease
,	O
or	O
whether	O
the	O
same	O
genes	O
that	O
increases	O
psychosis	B-disease
risk	O
may	O
also	O
increase	O
risk	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
use.	O

although	O
considerable	O
evidence	O
implicates	O
cannabis	B-plant
use	O
as	O
a	O
component	O
cause	O
of	O
schizophrenia	B-disease
,	O
it	O
remains	O
unclear	O
whether	O
this	O
is	O
entirely	O
due	O
to	O
cannabis	B-plant
directly	O
raising	O
risk	O
of	O
psychosis,	O
or	O
whether	O
the	O
same	O
genes	O
that	O
increases	O
psychosis	O
risk	O
may	O
also	O
increase	O
risk	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
use.	O

although	O
considerable	O
evidence	O
implicates	O
cannabis	B-plant
use	O
as	O
a	O
component	O
cause	O
of	O
schizophrenia,	O
it	O
remains	O
unclear	O
whether	O
this	O
is	O
entirely	O
due	O
to	O
cannabis	B-plant
directly	O
raising	O
risk	O
of	O
psychosis	B-disease
,	O
or	O
whether	O
the	O
same	O
genes	O
that	O
increases	O
psychosis	B-disease
risk	O
may	O
also	O
increase	O
risk	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
use.	O

although	O
considerable	O
evidence	O
implicates	O
cannabis	B-plant
use	O
as	O
a	O
component	O
cause	O
of	O
schizophrenia,	O
it	O
remains	O
unclear	O
whether	O
this	O
is	O
entirely	O
due	O
to	O
cannabis	B-plant
directly	O
raising	O
risk	O
of	O
psychosis	B-disease
,	O
or	O
whether	O
the	O
same	O
genes	O
that	O
increases	O
psychosis	B-disease
risk	O
may	O
also	O
increase	O
risk	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
use.	O

although	O
considerable	O
evidence	O
implicates	O
cannabis	B-plant
use	O
as	O
a	O
component	O
cause	O
of	O
schizophrenia	B-disease
,	O
it	O
remains	O
unclear	O
whether	O
this	O
is	O
entirely	O
due	O
to	O
cannabis	B-plant
directly	O
raising	O
risk	O
of	O
psychosis,	O
or	O
whether	O
the	O
same	O
genes	O
that	O
increases	O
psychosis	O
risk	O
may	O
also	O
increase	O
risk	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
use.	O

although	O
considerable	O
evidence	O
implicates	O
cannabis	B-plant
use	O
as	O
a	O
component	O
cause	O
of	O
schizophrenia,	O
it	O
remains	O
unclear	O
whether	O
this	O
is	O
entirely	O
due	O
to	O
cannabis	B-plant
directly	O
raising	O
risk	O
of	O
psychosis	B-disease
,	O
or	O
whether	O
the	O
same	O
genes	O
that	O
increases	O
psychosis	B-disease
risk	O
may	O
also	O
increase	O
risk	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
use.	O

although	O
considerable	O
evidence	O
implicates	O
cannabis	B-plant
use	O
as	O
a	O
component	O
cause	O
of	O
schizophrenia,	O
it	O
remains	O
unclear	O
whether	O
this	O
is	O
entirely	O
due	O
to	O
cannabis	B-plant
directly	O
raising	O
risk	O
of	O
psychosis	B-disease
,	O
or	O
whether	O
the	O
same	O
genes	O
that	O
increases	O
psychosis	B-disease
risk	O
may	O
also	O
increase	O
risk	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
use.	O

in	O
a	O
sample	O
of	O
2082	O
healthy	O
individuals,	O
we	O
show	O
an	O
association	O
between	O
an	O
individual\'s	O
burden	O
of	O
schizophrenia	B-disease
risk	O
alleles	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
cannabis	B-plant
.	O

although	O
directly	O
predicting	O
only	O
a	O
small	O
amount	O
of	O
the	O
variance	O
in	O
cannabis	B-plant
use,	O
these	O
findings	O
suggest	O
that	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
schizophrenia	B-disease
and	O
cannabis	B-plant
is	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
shared	O
genetic	O
aetiology.	O

although	O
directly	O
predicting	O
only	O
a	O
small	O
amount	O
of	O
the	O
variance	O
in	O
cannabis	B-plant
use,	O
these	O
findings	O
suggest	O
that	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
schizophrenia	B-disease
and	O
cannabis	B-plant
is	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
shared	O
genetic	O
aetiology.	O