diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Security/2024-04-19-11-21-13.gh-issue-114572.t1QMQD.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Security/2024-04-19-11-21-13.gh-issue-114572.t1QMQD.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b4f9fe64db0615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Security/2024-04-19-11-21-13.gh-issue-114572.t1QMQD.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+:meth:`ssl.SSLContext.cert_store_stats` and
+:meth:`ssl.SSLContext.get_ca_certs` now correctly lock access to the
+certificate store, when the :class:`ssl.SSLContext` is shared across
+multiple threads.
diff --git a/Modules/_ssl.c b/Modules/_ssl.c
index 719f8e8ca308d1..1458888d20ce6d 100644
--- a/Modules/_ssl.c
+++ b/Modules/_ssl.c
@@ -167,6 +167,10 @@ static void _PySSLFixErrno(void) {
 #  define PY_OPENSSL_1_1_API 1
 #endif
 
+#if (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x30300000L) && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+#  define OPENSSL_VERSION_3_3 1
+#endif
+
 /* SNI support (client- and server-side) appeared in OpenSSL 1.0.0 and 0.9.8f
  * This includes the SSL_set_SSL_CTX() function.
  */
@@ -207,6 +211,16 @@ static void _PySSLFixErrno(void) {
 #define HAVE_OPENSSL_CRYPTO_LOCK
 #endif
 
+/* OpenSSL 1.1+ allows locking X509_STORE, 1.0.2 doesn't. */
+#ifdef OPENSSL_VERSION_1_1
+#define HAVE_OPENSSL_X509_STORE_LOCK
+#endif
+
+/* OpenSSL 3.3 added the X509_STORE_get1_objects API */
+#ifdef OPENSSL_VERSION_3_3
+#define HAVE_OPENSSL_X509_STORE_GET1_OBJECTS 1
+#endif
+
 #if defined(OPENSSL_VERSION_1_1) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SSL2)
 #define OPENSSL_NO_SSL2
 #endif
@@ -4517,6 +4531,54 @@ set_sni_callback(PySSLContext *self, PyObject *arg, void *c)
 #endif
 }
 
+/* Shim of X509_STORE_get1_objects API from OpenSSL 3.3
+ * Only available with the X509_STORE_lock() API */
+#if defined(HAVE_OPENSSL_X509_STORE_LOCK) && !defined(OPENSSL_VERSION_3_3)
+#define HAVE_OPENSSL_X509_STORE_GET1_OBJECTS 1
+
+static X509_OBJECT *x509_object_dup(const X509_OBJECT *obj)
+{
+    int ok;
+    X509_OBJECT *ret = X509_OBJECT_new();
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    switch (X509_OBJECT_get_type(obj)) {
+        case X509_LU_X509:
+            ok = X509_OBJECT_set1_X509(ret, X509_OBJECT_get0_X509(obj));
+            break;
+        case X509_LU_CRL:
+            /* X509_OBJECT_get0_X509_CRL was not const-correct prior to 3.0.*/
+            ok = X509_OBJECT_set1_X509_CRL(
+                ret, X509_OBJECT_get0_X509_CRL((X509_OBJECT *)obj));
+            break;
+        default:
+            /* We cannot duplicate unrecognized types in a polyfill, but it is
+             * safe to leave an empty object. The caller will ignore it. */
+            ok = 1;
+            break;
+    }
+    if (!ok) {
+        X509_OBJECT_free(ret);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static STACK_OF(X509_OBJECT) *
+X509_STORE_get1_objects(X509_STORE *store)
+{
+    STACK_OF(X509_OBJECT) *ret;
+    if (!X509_STORE_lock(store)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    ret = sk_X509_OBJECT_deep_copy(X509_STORE_get0_objects(store),
+                                   x509_object_dup, X509_OBJECT_free);
+    X509_STORE_unlock(store);
+    return ret;
+}
+#endif
+
 PyDoc_STRVAR(PySSLContext_sni_callback_doc,
 "Set a callback that will be called when a server name is provided by the SSL/TLS client in the SNI extension.\n\
 \n\
@@ -4546,7 +4608,15 @@ _ssl__SSLContext_cert_store_stats_impl(PySSLContext *self)
     int x509 = 0, crl = 0, ca = 0, i;
 
     store = SSL_CTX_get_cert_store(self->ctx);
+#if HAVE_OPENSSL_X509_STORE_GET1_OBJECTS
+    objs = X509_STORE_get1_objects(store);
+    if (objs == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "failed to query cert store");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#else
     objs = X509_STORE_get0_objects(store);
+#endif
     for (i = 0; i < sk_X509_OBJECT_num(objs); i++) {
         obj = sk_X509_OBJECT_value(objs, i);
         switch (X509_OBJECT_get_type(obj)) {
@@ -4563,9 +4633,14 @@ _ssl__SSLContext_cert_store_stats_impl(PySSLContext *self)
                 /* Ignore X509_LU_FAIL, X509_LU_RETRY, X509_LU_PKEY.
                  * As far as I can tell they are internal states and never
                  * stored in a cert store */
+                /* Ignore unrecognized types. */
                 break;
         }
     }
+
+#if HAVE_OPENSSL_X509_STORE_GET1_OBJECTS
+    sk_X509_OBJECT_pop_free(objs, X509_OBJECT_free);
+#endif
     return Py_BuildValue("{sisisi}", "x509", x509, "crl", crl,
         "x509_ca", ca);
 }
@@ -4597,7 +4672,15 @@ _ssl__SSLContext_get_ca_certs_impl(PySSLContext *self, int binary_form)
     }
 
     store = SSL_CTX_get_cert_store(self->ctx);
+#if HAVE_OPENSSL_X509_STORE_GET1_OBJECTS
+    objs = X509_STORE_get1_objects(store);
+    if (objs == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "failed to query cert store");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#else
     objs = X509_STORE_get0_objects(store);
+#endif
     for (i = 0; i < sk_X509_OBJECT_num(objs); i++) {
         X509_OBJECT *obj;
         X509 *cert;
@@ -4625,9 +4708,15 @@ _ssl__SSLContext_get_ca_certs_impl(PySSLContext *self, int binary_form)
         }
         Py_CLEAR(ci);
     }
+#if HAVE_OPENSSL_X509_STORE_GET1_OBJECTS
+    sk_X509_OBJECT_pop_free(objs, X509_OBJECT_free);
+#endif
     return rlist;
 
   error:
+#if HAVE_OPENSSL_X509_STORE_GET1_OBJECTS
+    sk_X509_OBJECT_pop_free(objs, X509_OBJECT_free);
+#endif
     Py_XDECREF(ci);
     Py_XDECREF(rlist);
     return NULL;