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Hashcracking

General

Sources

Extracting hashes from files

Hashcat

  • Usefull hashcat flags:
    • --potfile-path to supply where to save the potfile of cracked hashes
    • --idenitfy identify the hash
    • --benchmark run a benchmark
    • --speed-only Use for benchmarks to get a more acurate speed
    • -O Enable optimized kernels (limits password length) - Makes hashcat a bit faster for me
    • -w3 Enable a specific workload profile High (1 = low, 2 = default, 3 = high, 4 = nightmare)
    • --increment Enable incremental attack when using masks. If supplied ?a?a?a?a?a?a?a?a it will bruteforce 1 till 8 characters.

Most used Hash modes

  • Hashcat supports over 300 hash modes.
- [ Hash modes ] -
======+===============================
  900 | MD4
    0 | MD5
 3000 | LM
 1000 | NTLM
 5600 | NetNTLMv2
13100 | Kerberos 5, etype 23, TGS-REP
18200 | Kerberos 5, etype 23, AS-REP
 2100 | Domain Cached Credentials 2 (DCC2), MS Cache 2

Charsets

- [ Built-in Charsets ] -

  ? | Charset
 ===+=========
  l | abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz [a-z]
  u | ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ [A-Z]
  d | 0123456789                 [0-9]
  h | 0123456789abcdef           [0-9a-f]
  H | 0123456789ABCDEF           [0-9A-F]
  s |  !"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~
  a | ?l?u?d?s
  b | 0x00 - 0xff

Possible to create own charsets

  • Creates ?1 charset with UPPER and lower chars and ?2 with digits and symbols.
hashcat -a 3 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> -1 ?u?l -2 ?d?s ?1?1?1?1?1?1?2?2

Attack modes

  • Hashcat has multiple attack modes which are used with the -a parameter. For example -a 0.
- [ Attack Modes ] -

  # | Mode
 ===+======
  0 | Straight
  1 | Combination
  3 | Brute-force
  6 | Hybrid Wordlist + Mask
  7 | Hybrid Mask + Wordlist
  9 | Association

Wordlist attack

hashcat -a 0 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> <WORDLIST>

Wordlist + Rules

hashcat -a 0 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> <WORDLIST> -r <RULE FILE>

Wordlist + Rules + Rules

  • Will combine all rules of file 1 with rules of file 2. Will increase the cracking time significant. For example use dive + best64
hashcat -a 0 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> <WORDLIST> -r <RULE FILE> -r <RULE FILE>

Bruteforce

  • Used when the minimum passwod length is not high and cracking of hashtype is fast or having a lot of cracking power!
  • Bruteforces 1 till 8 characters. For more characters add an extra ?a.
hashcat -a 3 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> ?a?a?a?a?a?a?a?a --increment

Mask attack

hashcat -a 3 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> ?u?l?l?l?l?l?l?l?d

hashcat -a 3 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> <MASK FILE>

Hybrid attack

  • Mix mask with a wordlist
  • 6 Wordlist + Mask
  • 7 Mask + Wordlist
hashcat -a 6 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> <WORDLIST> <MASK>
hashcat -a 7 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> <MASK> <WORDLIST>

hashcat -a 6 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> <WORDLIST> ?a?a?a --increment
hashcat -a 7 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> ?a?a?a <WORDLIST> --increment

Best effort Base loop

  • You can crack at 9.56 GH/s for a 95^8 keyspace. 95^8 / 9.56 GH/s = 693,954 secs = ~8 days
  • If you have only 8 hours for example, which is 28,800 seconds. 9.56 GH/s * 28,800 seconds = 275,328,000,000,000 needed in 8 hours
  • 275,328,000,000,000 (1/8) = 64
  • Then execute with hashcat with -t 64 to use the top 64 chars (markov)

Other attacks

Keyboard walk

kwp -z basechars/full.base keymaps/en-us.keymap routes/2-to-16-max-3-direction-changes.route > keymap.txt

hashcat -a 0 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> keymap.txt

hashcat -a 0 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> keymap.txt -r dive.rule

Wordlist from website

cewl -d 2 -e -v -w wordlist.txt <URL TARGET>

hashcat -a 0 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> wordlist.txt

Combinator attack

Combinator two words

hashcat -a 1 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> 20k.txt 20k.txt

Combinator 3 or 4 words

/usr/lib/hashcat-utils/combinator.bin 20k.txt 20k.txt > 20k-combined.txt

hashcat -a 1 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> 20k-combined.txt 20k-combined.txt

Add spaces

awk '{print $0" "}' 20k.txt > 20k-space.txt

/usr/lib/hashcat-utils/combinator.bin 20k-space 20k.txt > 20k-combined-mid-space.txt

Rules

  • -j apply single rule to the left. -k apply single rule to the right
hashcat -a 1 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> -a1 20k-combined-mid-space.txt -j '$ ' 20k.txt
hashcat -a 1 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> -a1 20k-combined-mid-space.txt -j '$ ' 20k-combined-mid-space.txt

awk '{print $0" "}' 20k-combined-mid-space.txt > 20k-combined-mid-end-space.txt

/usr/lib/hashcat-utils/combinator.bin 20k-combined-mid-end-space.txt 20k-combined-mid-space.txt | hashcat -a 1 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> -r dive.rule

Loopback attack

  • Generate a wordlist of the potfile and run them again. Prefarably with rules!
awk -F ":" '{print $NF}' < hashcat.potfile | sort -u > new_passwords.txt

hashcat -a 0 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> new_passwords.txt --loopback
hashcat -a 0 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> new_passwords.txt -r dive.rule -r best64.rule --loopback

Expander attack

./expander < wordlist.txt | sort -u > wordlist_expander.txt

Fingerprint attack

awk -F ":" '{print $NF}' < hashcat.potfile | ./expander | sort -u > word.list
hashcat -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> --remve -a 1 word.list word.list -o word.list2
awk -F ":" '{print $NF}' < word.list2 | ./expander | sort -u > word.list3
hashcat -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> --remve -a 1 word.list3 word.list3 -o word.list4

Prince attack

./pp.bin word.list --pw-min=8 | hashcat -m <HASH TYPE> hashes.txt

Prinception

./pp.bin word.list --pw-min=8 | ./pp.bin word.list --pw-min=8 | hashcat -m <HASH TYPE> hashes.txt -g 300000

Methodology

Below is my methodology to reach high percentages cracked. Will add new things once I tested more of the attakcs above. The methodology is ordered in effectiveness but also how long it will take to run. Quick things will be at the top!

Hashcat flags

  • Use --username if the hashes.txt file contains usernames
  • Use -w3 and -O to up the workload en performance.

Password list & Rules

Run the dutch_merged.txt, weakpass_3 and rockyou.txt with the dive ruleset - https://weakpass.com/wordlist/1947

.\hashcat.exe -a 0 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt .\wordlists\dutch_merged.txt -r .\rules\dive.rule -w3 -O
.\hashcat.exe -a 0 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt .\wordlists\rockyou.txt -r .\rules\dive.rule -w3 -O
.\hashcat.exe -a 0 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt .\wordlists\weakpass_3 -r .\rules\dive.rule -w3 -O

Username as passwords + double rules

Extract the usernames from the hashdump and crack them using double rules, dive and best64. This will combine all rules from dive with each rule in best64.

cat hashes.txt | awk -F ":" '{print $1}' | awk -F '\' '{print $1 "\n" $2}' | sort -u > user_computer_domain.txt

.\hashcat.exe -a 0 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt .\user_computer_domain.txt -r .\rules\dive.rule -r .\rules\best64.rule -w3 -O

Keyboard walk

Spray common keyboard walk patterns.
https://github.com/Karmaz95/crimson_cracking/blob/main/Keyboard-Combinations.txt

.\hashcat.exe -a 0 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt .\wordlists\Keyboard-Combinations.txt -r .\rules\best64.rule -w3 -O

Mask attack - Company name

Use custom masks which brute-forces characters around the name of the company. Save the following masks in Custommasks.txt and change the all lowercase and all uppercase to the company name. Lower the amount of ?a if it takes to long!

companyname?a?a?a?a?a
companyname?a?a?a?a
companyname?a?a?a
companyname?a?a
companyname?a
Bakker?a?a?a?a?a
Bakker?a?a?a?a
Bakker?a?a?a
Bakker?a?a
Bakker?a
?a?a?a?a?acompanyname
?a?a?a?acompanyname
?a?a?acompanyname
?a?acompanyname
?acompanyname
?a?a?a?a?aCompanyname
?a?a?a?aCompanyname
?a?a?aCompanyname
?a?aCompanyname
?aCompanyname
?acompanyname?a
?a?acompanyname?a?a
?a?a?acompanyname?a?a?a
?aCompanyname?a
?a?aCompanyname?a?a
?a?a?aCompanyname?a?a?a
?acompanyname?a?a
?acompanyname?a?a?a
?acompanyname?a?a?a?a
?a?acompanyname?a?a?a?a
?a?acompanyname?a
?a?a?acompanyname?a
?a?a?a?acompanyname?a
?a?a?a?a?acompanyname?a
?aCompanyname?a?a
?aCompanyname?a?a?a
?aCompanyname?a?a?a?a
?a?aCompanyname?a?a?a?a
?a?aCompanyname?a
?a?a?aCompanyname?a
?a?a?a?aCompanyname?a
?a?a?a?a?aCompanyname?a

.\hashcat.exe -a 3 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt .\wordlists\Custommasks.txt -w3 -O

Password list & double rules

Run dutch_merged and rockyou using double rules, dive and best64. This will combine all rules from dive with each rule in best64.

.\hashcat.exe -a 0 -m <HAST MODE> .\hashes.txt .\wordlists\dutch_merged.txt -r .\rules\dive.rule -r .\rules\best64.rule -w3 -O
.\hashcat.exe -a 0 -m <HAST MODE> .\hashes.txt .\wordlists\rockyou.txt -r .\rules\dive.rule -r .\rules\best64.rule -w3 -O

Hybrid attacks

Bruteforce up to 4 characters before and after each word in the wordlists. Lower the amount of ?a if it takes to long!

.\hashcat.exe -a 6 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt .\wordlists\dutch_merged.txt ?a?a?a?a --increment -w3 -O
.\hashcat.exe -a 6 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt .\wordlists\rockyou ?a?a?a?a --increment  -w3 -O
.\hashcat.exe -a 7 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt ?a?a?a?a .\wordlists\dutch_merged.txt --increment -w3 -O
.\hashcat.exe -a 7 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt ?a?a?a?a .\wordlists\rockyou.txt --increment -w3 -O

Bruteforce till 8 characters

Bruteforce up to 8 characters.

hashcat -a 3 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt ?a?a?a?a?a?a?a?a --increment

Mask attack - common masks

Bruteforce with common masks and password patterns.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sean-t-smith/Extreme_Breach_Masks/main/08%201-day/1-day_8-14.hcmask Removed all with a length of 16 (for 8 characters) since we already bruteforced them

cat 1-day_8-14.hcmask | grep -v -x '.\{16,16\}' > 1-day_9-14.hcmask
.\hashcat.exe -a 3 -m <HASH MODE> .\hashes.txt .\masks\1-day_9-14.hcmask -w3 -O

Loopback attack

Create a list of all the cracked passwords and rerun them using both rulesets.

awk -F ":" '{print $NF}' < hashcat.potfile | sort -u > new_passwords.txt

.\hashcat.exe -a 0 -m <HASH TYPE> <HASH FILE> .\new_passwords.txt -r .\rules\dive.rule -r .\rules\best64.rule --loopback -w3 -O